Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010338112 | TK6563 R83 2014 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
On Order
Summary
Summary
Written by an expert in the field, this book covers the principles, architectures, applications, specifications and characterizations of radio receivers
In this book, the author introduces the reader to the basic principles and theories of present-day communications receiver technology. The first section of the book presents realization concepts at the system level, taking into consideration the various types of users. Details of the circuitry are described providing the reader with an understanding of fully digitized radio receivers, offering an insight into the state-of-the-art.
The remaining sections address radio receivers, particularly as two-port devices. Furthermore, the author outlines the fields of applications (with sample calculations and with reference to practical work) and their features and considers also the specialty of high-quality radio receivers. As can be seen from the multitude of terrestrial applications described in Part II, they are typically used for radio surveillance, signal intelligence, modern radio bearing and at the classical radio services. Parts III and IV describe the entire range of parameters that are useful for the characterization of these receivers. The description starts from the physical effect, or the explanation of the individual parameter, and then proceeds to the measuring technique for determining the parameters, highlighting problems, followed by explanatory notes with applicatory relevance. The measuring procedures described are the result of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing. With the model shown in Part IV, used for the operational evaluation detailing the intrinsic small range of interpretation, the book covers untreated research in the field. The Appendix provides among others valuable information about the dimensioning of receiving systems and the mathematical derivation of non-linear effects and as well as a useful method for converting different level specifications.
Key Features:
Introduces the basic principles and theories of present-day technology Discusses concepts at system level (aligned to the various types of users) Addresses (fully) digitized radio receivers focusing on the state-of-the-art Close contacts to the industry were utilized to show background information Enables the reader to comprehend and evaluate the characteristic features and the performance of such systems Examines the entire range of parameters that are characteristic of the technology including the physical effect and measuring techniques Includes results of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing with examples Provides a uniform and systematic approach for ease of understanding e.g. many didactic figures for the visual illustration have been newly created as well as complete real-world examplesThis book will be an excellent resource to understand the principles of work, for professionals developing and testing radio receivers, for receiver users (e.g. at regulatory agencies, surveillance centers, secret services, classical radio communications services), technicians, engineers and technicians who work with RF-measurement instruments, postgraduate students studying in the field and university lecturers. Chartered radio amateurs and handlers/operators will also find this book insightful. Due to high level of detail, it also serves as a reference. By using the carefully edited alphabetical index with over 1,200 entries, the appropriate explanations can be found quickly in the text.
Author Notes
Ralf Rudersdorfer , born in 1979, began his career at the Institute for Applied Physics. He then changed to the Institute for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems (formerly Institute for Communications and Information Engineering) of the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria, to take over the laboratory area and technical agendas of the Institute. His activities included the setting up of a measuring station with attenuated reflection properties / antenna measuring lab and furnishing the electronic labs of the Mechatronics Department with new basic equipment.
He began publishing technical papers at the age of 21. In August 2002 he became a Guest Consultant for laboratory equipment and RF hardware and conducted practical training courses in "Electronic Circuit Engineering" at the reactivated Institute for Electronics Engineering at the Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. In 2006 he applied for a patent covering the utilization of a specific antenna design for two widely deviating ranges of operating frequencies, which was granted within only 14 months without any prior objections. In the winter semesters 2008 to 2011 he gets the lectureship for the practical course "Applied Electrical Engineering" at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.
Rudersdorfer is author of numerous practice-oriented publications in the fields of radio transmitters and radio receivers, high-frequency technology, and general electronics. Furthermore, he was responsible for the preparation of more than 55 measuring protocols regarding the comprehensive testing of transmitting and receiving equipment of various designs and radio standards issued and published by a trade magazine. During this project alone he defined more than 550 intercept points at receivers. He has repeatedly been invited to present papers at conferences and specialized trade fairs. At the same time he is active in counseling various organizations like external cooperation partners of the university institute, public authorities, companies, associations, and editorial offices on wireless telecommunication, radio technology, antenna technology, and electronic measuring systems.
At the VHF Convention Weinheim, Germany, in 2003 he received the Young Talent Special Award in the radio technology section. At the short-wave/VHF/UHF conference conducted in 2006 at the Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany, he took first place in the measuring technology section. The argumentation for the present work in its original version received the EEEfCOM Innovation Award 2011 as a special recognition of achievements in Electrical and Electronic Engineering for Communication.
Table of Contents
About the Author | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgements | p. xv |
I Functional Principle of Radio Receivers | p. 1 |
I.1 Some History to Start | p. 1 |
I.1.1 Resonance Receivers, Flitters, Coherers, and Square-Law Detectors (Detector Receivers) | p. 1 |
I.1.2 Development of the Audion | p. 1 |
I.2 Present-Day Concepts | p. 4 |
I.2.1 Single-Conversion Superhet | p. 4 |
I.2.2 Multiple-Conversion Superhet | p. 8 |
I.2.3 Direct Mixer | p. 14 |
I.2.2 Digital Receiver | p. 17 |
I.3 Practical Example of an (All-)Digital Radio Receiver | p. 23 |
I.3.1 Functional Blocks for Digital Signal Processing | p. 25 |
I.3.2 The A/D Converter as a Key Component | p. 26 |
I.3.3 Conversion to Zero Frequency | p. 30 |
I.3.4 Accuracy and Reproducibility | p. 33 |
I.3.5 VFO for Frequency Tuning | p. 34 |
I.3.6 Other Required Hardware | p. 36 |
I.3.7 Receive Frequency Expansion by Subsampling | p. 37 |
I.4 Practical Example of a Portable Wideband Radio Receiver | p. 39 |
I.4.1 Analog RF Frontend for a Wide Receive Frequency Range | p. 40 |
I.4.2 Subsequent Digital Signal Processing | p. 42 |
I.4.3 Demodulation with Received Signal Level Measurement | p. 43 |
I.4.4 Spectral Resolution of the Frequency Occupancy | p. 45 |
References | p. 46 |
Further Reading | p. 48 |
II Fields of Use and Applications of Radio Receivers | p. 49 |
II.1 Prologue | p. 49 |
II.2 Wireless Telecontrol | p. 50 |
II.2.1 Radio Ripple Control | p. 52 |
II.3 Non-Public Radio Services | p. 54 |
II.3.1 Air Traffic Radio | p. 54 |
II.3.2 Maritime Radio | p. 56 |
II.3.3 Land Radio | p. 58 |
II.3.4 Amateur Radio | p. 60 |
II.3.5 Mobile Radio | p. 63 |
II.4 Radio Intelligence, Radio Surveillance | p. 64 |
II.4.1 Numerous Signal Types | p. 64 |
II.4.2 Searching and Detecting | p. 69 |
II.4.3 Monitoring Emissions | p. 75 |
II.4.4 Classifying and Analyzing Radio Scenarios | p. 78 |
II.4.5 Receiver Versus Spectrum Analyzer | p. 81 |
II.5 Direction Finding and Radio Localization | p. 83 |
II.5.1 Basic Principles of Radio Direction Finding | p. 83 |
II.5.2 Radio Reconnaissance and Radio Surveillance | p. 94 |
II.5.5 Aeronautical Navigation and Air Traffic Control | p. 98 |
II.5.4 Marine Navigation and Maritime Traffic | p. 100 |
II.6 Terrestrial Radio Broadcast Reception | p. 101 |
II.7 Time Signal Reception | p. 104 |
II.8 Modern Radio Frequency Usage and Frequency Economy | p. 107 |
II.8.1 Trunked Radio Networks | p. 107 |
II.8.2 Cognitive Radio | p. 108 |
References | p. 109 |
Further Reading | p. 112 |
III Receiver Characteristics and their Measurement | p. 113 |
III.1 Objectives and Benefits | p. 113 |
III.2 Preparations for Metrological Investigations | p. 114 |
III.2.1 The Special Case of Correlative Noise Suppression | p. 115 |
III.2.2 The Special Case of Digital Radio Standards | p. 116 |
III.3 Receiver Input Matching and Input Impedance | p. 118 |
III.3.1 Measuring Impedance and Matching | p. 120 |
III.3.2 Measuring Problems | p. 121 |
III.4 Sensitivity | p. 121 |
III.4.1 Limitations Set by Physics | p. 122 |
III.4.2 Noise Factor and Noise Figure | p. 123 |
III.4.3 Measuring the Noise Figure | p. 125 |
III.4.4 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth | p. 127 |
III.4.5 Minimum Discernible Signal | p. 129 |
III.4.6 Measuring the Minimum Discernible Signal | p. 130 |
III.4.7 Input Noise Voltage | p. 131 |
III.4.8 Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) and Operational Sensitivity (S+N)/N, SINAD | p. 132 |
III.4.9 De-emphasis | p. 136 |
III.4.10 Usable and Suitable Sensitivity | p. 138 |
III.4.11 Maximum Signal-to-interference Ratio | p. 144 |
III.4.12 Measuring the Operational Sensitivity and Maximum SIR | p. 145 |
III.4.13 Measuring Problems | p. 147 |
III.5 Spurious Reception | p. 147 |
III.5.1 Origin of Inherent Spurious Response | p. 147 |
III.5.2 Measuring Inherent Spurious Response | p. 148 |
III.5.3 Reception and Suppression of Image Frequencies | p. 149 |
III.5.4 IF Interference and IF Interference Ratio | p. 151 |
III.5.5 Reception of Other Interfering Signals | p. 152 |
III.5.6 Measuring the Spurious Signal Reception | p. 153 |
III.5.7 The Special Case of Linear Crosstalk | p. 153 |
III.5.8 Measuring the Linear Crosstalk Suppression | p. 154 |
III.5.9 Measuring Problems | p. 155 |
III.6 Near Selectivity | p. 156 |
III.6.1 Receive Bandwidth and Shape Factor | p. 157 |
III.6.2 Measuring the Receive Bandwidth | p. 158 |
III.6.3 Adjacent Channel Suppression | p. 160 |
III.6.4 Measuring the Adjacent Channel Suppression | p. 160 |
III.6.5 Measuring Problems | p. 161 |
III.7 Reciprocal Mixing | p. 162 |
III.7.1 Single Sideband Noise | p. 162 |
III.7.2 Non-Harmonic (Close to Carrier) Distortions | p. 166 |
III.7.3 Sensitivity Reduction by Reciprocal Mixing | p. 166 |
III.7.4 Measuring Reciprocal Mixing | p. 169 |
III.7.5 Measuring Problems | p. 171 |
III.8 Blocking | p. 171 |
III.8.1 Compression in the RF Frontend or the IF Section | p. 171 |
III.8.2 AGC Response to Interfering Signals | p. 172 |
III.8.3 Reduction of Signal-to-Interference Ratio by Blocking | p. 172 |
III.8.4 Measuring the Blocking Effect | p. 173 |
III.8.5 Measuring Problems | p. 174 |
III.9 Intermodulation | p. 174 |
III.9.1 Origin of Intermodulation | p. 174 |
III.9.2 Second-and Third-Order Intermodulation | p. 175 |
III.9.3 Higher Order Intermodulation | p. 181 |
III.9.4 The Special Case of Electromechanical, Ceramic and Quaitz Filters | p. 182 |
III.9.5 The Special Case of A/D Converted and Digitally Processed Signals | p. 183 |
III.9.6 Intermodulation Immunity | p. 185 |
III.9.7 Maximum Intennodulation-Limited Dynamic Range | p. 185 |
III.9.8 Intercept Point | p. 186 |
III.9.9 Effective Intercept Point (Receiver Factor or ...) | p. 187 |
III.9.10 Measuring the Intermodidation Immunity | p. 188 |
III.9.11 Measuring Problems | p. 190 |
III.9.12 In-band Intermodidation and Non-Linear Crosstalk | p. 195 |
III.9.13 Measurement of the In-band Intermodulation | p. 198 |
III.10 Cross-Modulation | p. 199 |
III.10.1 Generation | p. 199 |
III.10.2 Ionospheric Cross-Modulation | p. 201 |
III.10.3 Measuring the Cross-Modulation Immunity | p. 203 |
III.10.4 Measuring Problems | p. 204 |
III.11 Quality Factor of Selective RF Preselectors under Operating Conditions | p. 204 |
III.11.1 Increasing the Dynamic Range by High-Quality Preselection | p. 205 |
III.11.2 Measuring the Frequency Response | p. 207 |
III.12 Large-Signal Behaviour in General | p. 209 |
III.12.1 Concrete Example | p. 209 |
III.12.2 The IP3 Interpretation Fallacy | p. 212 |
III.13 Audio Reproduction Properties | p. 213 |
III.13.1 AF Frequency Response | p. 213 |
III.13.2 Measuring the AF Frequency Response | p. 214 |
III.13.3 Reproduction Quality and Distortions | p. 214 |
III.13.4 Measuring the Demodulation Harmonic Distortion | p. 217 |
III.13.5 Measuring Problems | p. 218 |
III.14 Behaviour of the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) | p. 218 |
III.14.1 Static Control Behaviour | p. 218 |
III.14.2 Measuring the Static Control Behaviour | p. 219 |
III.14.3 Time-Dynamic Control Behaviour | p. 219 |
III.14.4 Measuring the Time-Dynamic Control Behaviour | p. 221 |
III.15 Long-Term Frequency Stability | p. 223 |
III.15.1 Measuring the Long-Term Frequency Stability | p. 224 |
III.15.2 Measuring Problems | p. 225 |
III.16 Characteristics of the Noise Squelch | p. 226 |
III.16.1 Measuring the Squelch Threshold | p. 227 |
III.17 Receiver Stray Radiation | p. 227 |
III.17.1 Measuring the Receiver Stray Radiation | p. 229 |
III.17.2 Measuring Problems | p. 230 |
III.18 (Relative) Receive Signal Strength and S Units | p. 230 |
III.18.1 Definitions and Predetermined Levels of S Units | p. 233 |
III.18.2 Measuring the Accuracy of the Relative Signal Strength Indication | p. 234 |
III.18.3 Measuring Problems | p. 234 |
III.19 AM Suppression in the F3E Receiving Path | p. 236 |
III.19.1 Measuring the AM Suppression | p. 237 |
III.20 Scanning Speed in Search Mode | p. 238 |
III.20.1 Measuring the Scanning Speed | p. 239 |
References | p. 240 |
Further Reading | p. 242 |
IV Practical Evaluation of Radio Receivers (A Model) | p. 245 |
IV.1 Factual Situation | p. 245 |
IV.2 Objective Evaluation of Characteristics in Practical Operation | p. 245 |
IV.2.1 Hardly Equal Conditions | p. 247 |
IV.2.2 No Approximation Possible | p. 247 |
IV.3 Information Gained in Practical Operation | p. 249 |
IV.3.1 Help of a Reference Unit | p. 252 |
IV.3.2 A Fine Distinction is Hardly Possible or Necessary | p. 253 |
IV.4 Interpretation (and Contents of the 'Table of operational PRACTICE') | p. 253 |
IV.4.1 The Gain in Information | p. 254 |
IV.5 Specific Equipment Details | p. 255 |
References | p. 255 |
Further Reading | p. 255 |
V Concluding Information | p. 257 |
V.1 Cascade of Noisy Two-Ports (Overall Noise Performance) | p. 257 |
V.2 Cascade of Intermodulating Two-Ports (Overall Intermodulation Performance) | p. 260 |
V.2.1 Overall Third-Order Intercept Point | p. 261 |
V.2.2 Overall Second-Order Intercept Point | p. 262 |
V.2.3 Computer-Aided Calculations | p. 263 |
V.3 Mathematical Description of the Intermodulation Formation | p. 264 |
V.3.1 Second-Order Intermodulation | p. 265 |
V.3.2 Third-Order Intermodulation | p. 266 |
V.3.3 Other Terms in the Transfer Characteristic Polynomial | p. 267 |
V.4 Mixing and Derivation of Spurious Reception | p. 269 |
V.4.1 Mixing = Multiplication | p. 269 |
V.4.2 Ambiguous Mixing Process | p. 271 |
V.5 Characteristics of Emission Classes According to the ITU RR | p. 272 |
V.6 Geographic Division of the Earth by Region According to ITU RR | p. 272 |
V.7 Conversion of dB... Levels | p. 272 |
V.7.1 Voltage, Current and Power Levels | p. 276 |
V.7.2 Electric and Magnetic Field Strength, (Power) Flux Density Levels | p. 278 |
References | p. 278 |
Further Reading | p. 279 |
List of Tables | p. 281 |
Index | p. 283 |