Cover image for Radio receiver technology : principles, architectures, and applications
Title:
Radio receiver technology : principles, architectures, and applications
Uniform Title:
Funkempfängerkompendium. English
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2014
Physical Description:
xvi, 299 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9781118503201
General Note:
Translation of: Funkempfängerkompendium
Abstract:
"The purpose of this book is to provide the users of radio receivers with the required knowledge of the basic mechanisms and principles of present-day receiver technology"-provided by publisher

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Summary

Summary

Written by an expert in the field, this book covers the principles, architectures, applications, specifications and characterizations of radio receivers

In this book, the author introduces the reader to the basic principles and theories of present-day communications receiver technology. The first section of the book presents realization concepts at the system level, taking into consideration the various types of users. Details of the circuitry are described providing the reader with an understanding of fully digitized radio receivers, offering an insight into the state-of-the-art.

The remaining sections address radio receivers, particularly as two-port devices. Furthermore, the author outlines the fields of applications (with sample calculations and with reference to practical work) and their features and considers also the specialty of high-quality radio receivers. As can be seen from the multitude of terrestrial applications described in Part II, they are typically used for radio surveillance, signal intelligence, modern radio bearing and at the classical radio services. Parts III and IV describe the entire range of parameters that are useful for the characterization of these receivers. The description starts from the physical effect, or the explanation of the individual parameter, and then proceeds to the measuring technique for determining the parameters, highlighting problems, followed by explanatory notes with applicatory relevance. The measuring procedures described are the result of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing. With the model shown in Part IV, used for the operational evaluation detailing the intrinsic small range of interpretation, the book covers untreated research in the field. The Appendix provides among others valuable information about the dimensioning of receiving systems and the mathematical derivation of non-linear effects and as well as a useful method for converting different level specifications.

Key Features:

Introduces the basic principles and theories of present-day technology Discusses concepts at system level (aligned to the various types of users) Addresses (fully) digitized radio receivers focusing on the state-of-the-art Close contacts to the industry were utilized to show background information Enables the reader to comprehend and evaluate the characteristic features and the performance of such systems Examines the entire range of parameters that are characteristic of the technology including the physical effect and measuring techniques Includes results of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing with examples Provides a uniform and systematic approach for ease of understanding e.g. many didactic figures for the visual illustration have been newly created as well as complete real-world examples

This book will be an excellent resource to understand the principles of work, for professionals developing and testing radio receivers, for receiver users (e.g. at regulatory agencies, surveillance centers, secret services, classical radio communications services), technicians, engineers and technicians who work with RF-measurement instruments, postgraduate students studying in the field and university lecturers. Chartered radio amateurs and handlers/operators will also find this book insightful. Due to high level of detail, it also serves as a reference. By using the carefully edited alphabetical index with over 1,200 entries, the appropriate explanations can be found quickly in the text.


Author Notes

Ralf Rudersdorfer , born in 1979, began his career at the Institute for Applied Physics. He then changed to the Institute for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems (formerly Institute for Communications and Information Engineering) of the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria, to take over the laboratory area and technical agendas of the Institute. His activities included the setting up of a measuring station with attenuated reflection properties / antenna measuring lab and furnishing the electronic labs of the Mechatronics Department with new basic equipment.

He began publishing technical papers at the age of 21. In August 2002 he became a Guest Consultant for laboratory equipment and RF hardware and conducted practical training courses in "Electronic Circuit Engineering" at the reactivated Institute for Electronics Engineering at the Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. In 2006 he applied for a patent covering the utilization of a specific antenna design for two widely deviating ranges of operating frequencies, which was granted within only 14 months without any prior objections. In the winter semesters 2008 to 2011 he gets the lectureship for the practical course "Applied Electrical Engineering" at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.

Rudersdorfer is author of numerous practice-oriented publications in the fields of radio transmitters and radio receivers, high-frequency technology, and general electronics. Furthermore, he was responsible for the preparation of more than 55 measuring protocols regarding the comprehensive testing of transmitting and receiving equipment of various designs and radio standards issued and published by a trade magazine. During this project alone he defined more than 550 intercept points at receivers. He has repeatedly been invited to present papers at conferences and specialized trade fairs. At the same time he is active in counseling various organizations like external cooperation partners of the university institute, public authorities, companies, associations, and editorial offices on wireless telecommunication, radio technology, antenna technology, and electronic measuring systems.

At the VHF Convention Weinheim, Germany, in 2003 he received the Young Talent Special Award in the radio technology section. At the short-wave/VHF/UHF conference conducted in 2006 at the Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany, he took first place in the measuring technology section. The argumentation for the present work in its original version received the EEEfCOM Innovation Award 2011 as a special recognition of achievements in Electrical and Electronic Engineering for Communication.


Table of Contents

About the Authorp. xi
Prefacep. xiii
Acknowledgementsp. xv
I Functional Principle of Radio Receiversp. 1
I.1 Some History to Startp. 1
I.1.1 Resonance Receivers, Flitters, Coherers, and Square-Law Detectors (Detector Receivers)p. 1
I.1.2 Development of the Audionp. 1
I.2 Present-Day Conceptsp. 4
I.2.1 Single-Conversion Superhetp. 4
I.2.2 Multiple-Conversion Superhetp. 8
I.2.3 Direct Mixerp. 14
I.2.2 Digital Receiverp. 17
I.3 Practical Example of an (All-)Digital Radio Receiverp. 23
I.3.1 Functional Blocks for Digital Signal Processingp. 25
I.3.2 The A/D Converter as a Key Componentp. 26
I.3.3 Conversion to Zero Frequencyp. 30
I.3.4 Accuracy and Reproducibilityp. 33
I.3.5 VFO for Frequency Tuningp. 34
I.3.6 Other Required Hardwarep. 36
I.3.7 Receive Frequency Expansion by Subsamplingp. 37
I.4 Practical Example of a Portable Wideband Radio Receiverp. 39
I.4.1 Analog RF Frontend for a Wide Receive Frequency Rangep. 40
I.4.2 Subsequent Digital Signal Processingp. 42
I.4.3 Demodulation with Received Signal Level Measurementp. 43
I.4.4 Spectral Resolution of the Frequency Occupancyp. 45
Referencesp. 46
Further Readingp. 48
II Fields of Use and Applications of Radio Receiversp. 49
II.1 Prologuep. 49
II.2 Wireless Telecontrolp. 50
II.2.1 Radio Ripple Controlp. 52
II.3 Non-Public Radio Servicesp. 54
II.3.1 Air Traffic Radiop. 54
II.3.2 Maritime Radiop. 56
II.3.3 Land Radiop. 58
II.3.4 Amateur Radiop. 60
II.3.5 Mobile Radiop. 63
II.4 Radio Intelligence, Radio Surveillancep. 64
II.4.1 Numerous Signal Typesp. 64
II.4.2 Searching and Detectingp. 69
II.4.3 Monitoring Emissionsp. 75
II.4.4 Classifying and Analyzing Radio Scenariosp. 78
II.4.5 Receiver Versus Spectrum Analyzerp. 81
II.5 Direction Finding and Radio Localizationp. 83
II.5.1 Basic Principles of Radio Direction Findingp. 83
II.5.2 Radio Reconnaissance and Radio Surveillancep. 94
II.5.5 Aeronautical Navigation and Air Traffic Controlp. 98
II.5.4 Marine Navigation and Maritime Trafficp. 100
II.6 Terrestrial Radio Broadcast Receptionp. 101
II.7 Time Signal Receptionp. 104
II.8 Modern Radio Frequency Usage and Frequency Economyp. 107
II.8.1 Trunked Radio Networksp. 107
II.8.2 Cognitive Radiop. 108
Referencesp. 109
Further Readingp. 112
III Receiver Characteristics and their Measurementp. 113
III.1 Objectives and Benefitsp. 113
III.2 Preparations for Metrological Investigationsp. 114
III.2.1 The Special Case of Correlative Noise Suppressionp. 115
III.2.2 The Special Case of Digital Radio Standardsp. 116
III.3 Receiver Input Matching and Input Impedancep. 118
III.3.1 Measuring Impedance and Matchingp. 120
III.3.2 Measuring Problemsp. 121
III.4 Sensitivityp. 121
III.4.1 Limitations Set by Physicsp. 122
III.4.2 Noise Factor and Noise Figurep. 123
III.4.3 Measuring the Noise Figurep. 125
III.4.4 Equivalent Noise Bandwidthp. 127
III.4.5 Minimum Discernible Signalp. 129
III.4.6 Measuring the Minimum Discernible Signalp. 130
III.4.7 Input Noise Voltagep. 131
III.4.8 Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) and Operational Sensitivity (S+N)/N, SINADp. 132
III.4.9 De-emphasisp. 136
III.4.10 Usable and Suitable Sensitivityp. 138
III.4.11 Maximum Signal-to-interference Ratiop. 144
III.4.12 Measuring the Operational Sensitivity and Maximum SIRp. 145
III.4.13 Measuring Problemsp. 147
III.5 Spurious Receptionp. 147
III.5.1 Origin of Inherent Spurious Responsep. 147
III.5.2 Measuring Inherent Spurious Responsep. 148
III.5.3 Reception and Suppression of Image Frequenciesp. 149
III.5.4 IF Interference and IF Interference Ratiop. 151
III.5.5 Reception of Other Interfering Signalsp. 152
III.5.6 Measuring the Spurious Signal Receptionp. 153
III.5.7 The Special Case of Linear Crosstalkp. 153
III.5.8 Measuring the Linear Crosstalk Suppressionp. 154
III.5.9 Measuring Problemsp. 155
III.6 Near Selectivityp. 156
III.6.1 Receive Bandwidth and Shape Factorp. 157
III.6.2 Measuring the Receive Bandwidthp. 158
III.6.3 Adjacent Channel Suppressionp. 160
III.6.4 Measuring the Adjacent Channel Suppressionp. 160
III.6.5 Measuring Problemsp. 161
III.7 Reciprocal Mixingp. 162
III.7.1 Single Sideband Noisep. 162
III.7.2 Non-Harmonic (Close to Carrier) Distortionsp. 166
III.7.3 Sensitivity Reduction by Reciprocal Mixingp. 166
III.7.4 Measuring Reciprocal Mixingp. 169
III.7.5 Measuring Problemsp. 171
III.8 Blockingp. 171
III.8.1 Compression in the RF Frontend or the IF Sectionp. 171
III.8.2 AGC Response to Interfering Signalsp. 172
III.8.3 Reduction of Signal-to-Interference Ratio by Blockingp. 172
III.8.4 Measuring the Blocking Effectp. 173
III.8.5 Measuring Problemsp. 174
III.9 Intermodulationp. 174
III.9.1 Origin of Intermodulationp. 174
III.9.2 Second-and Third-Order Intermodulationp. 175
III.9.3 Higher Order Intermodulationp. 181
III.9.4 The Special Case of Electromechanical, Ceramic and Quaitz Filtersp. 182
III.9.5 The Special Case of A/D Converted and Digitally Processed Signalsp. 183
III.9.6 Intermodulation Immunityp. 185
III.9.7 Maximum Intennodulation-Limited Dynamic Rangep. 185
III.9.8 Intercept Pointp. 186
III.9.9 Effective Intercept Point (Receiver Factor or ...)p. 187
III.9.10 Measuring the Intermodidation Immunityp. 188
III.9.11 Measuring Problemsp. 190
III.9.12 In-band Intermodidation and Non-Linear Crosstalkp. 195
III.9.13 Measurement of the In-band Intermodulationp. 198
III.10 Cross-Modulationp. 199
III.10.1 Generationp. 199
III.10.2 Ionospheric Cross-Modulationp. 201
III.10.3 Measuring the Cross-Modulation Immunityp. 203
III.10.4 Measuring Problemsp. 204
III.11 Quality Factor of Selective RF Preselectors under Operating Conditionsp. 204
III.11.1 Increasing the Dynamic Range by High-Quality Preselectionp. 205
III.11.2 Measuring the Frequency Responsep. 207
III.12 Large-Signal Behaviour in Generalp. 209
III.12.1 Concrete Examplep. 209
III.12.2 The IP3 Interpretation Fallacyp. 212
III.13 Audio Reproduction Propertiesp. 213
III.13.1 AF Frequency Responsep. 213
III.13.2 Measuring the AF Frequency Responsep. 214
III.13.3 Reproduction Quality and Distortionsp. 214
III.13.4 Measuring the Demodulation Harmonic Distortionp. 217
III.13.5 Measuring Problemsp. 218
III.14 Behaviour of the Automatic Gain Control (AGC)p. 218
III.14.1 Static Control Behaviourp. 218
III.14.2 Measuring the Static Control Behaviourp. 219
III.14.3 Time-Dynamic Control Behaviourp. 219
III.14.4 Measuring the Time-Dynamic Control Behaviourp. 221
III.15 Long-Term Frequency Stabilityp. 223
III.15.1 Measuring the Long-Term Frequency Stabilityp. 224
III.15.2 Measuring Problemsp. 225
III.16 Characteristics of the Noise Squelchp. 226
III.16.1 Measuring the Squelch Thresholdp. 227
III.17 Receiver Stray Radiationp. 227
III.17.1 Measuring the Receiver Stray Radiationp. 229
III.17.2 Measuring Problemsp. 230
III.18 (Relative) Receive Signal Strength and S Unitsp. 230
III.18.1 Definitions and Predetermined Levels of S Unitsp. 233
III.18.2 Measuring the Accuracy of the Relative Signal Strength Indicationp. 234
III.18.3 Measuring Problemsp. 234
III.19 AM Suppression in the F3E Receiving Pathp. 236
III.19.1 Measuring the AM Suppressionp. 237
III.20 Scanning Speed in Search Modep. 238
III.20.1 Measuring the Scanning Speedp. 239
Referencesp. 240
Further Readingp. 242
IV Practical Evaluation of Radio Receivers (A Model)p. 245
IV.1 Factual Situationp. 245
IV.2 Objective Evaluation of Characteristics in Practical Operationp. 245
IV.2.1 Hardly Equal Conditionsp. 247
IV.2.2 No Approximation Possiblep. 247
IV.3 Information Gained in Practical Operationp. 249
IV.3.1 Help of a Reference Unitp. 252
IV.3.2 A Fine Distinction is Hardly Possible or Necessaryp. 253
IV.4 Interpretation (and Contents of the 'Table of operational PRACTICE')p. 253
IV.4.1 The Gain in Informationp. 254
IV.5 Specific Equipment Detailsp. 255
Referencesp. 255
Further Readingp. 255
V Concluding Informationp. 257
V.1 Cascade of Noisy Two-Ports (Overall Noise Performance)p. 257
V.2 Cascade of Intermodulating Two-Ports (Overall Intermodulation Performance)p. 260
V.2.1 Overall Third-Order Intercept Pointp. 261
V.2.2 Overall Second-Order Intercept Pointp. 262
V.2.3 Computer-Aided Calculationsp. 263
V.3 Mathematical Description of the Intermodulation Formationp. 264
V.3.1 Second-Order Intermodulationp. 265
V.3.2 Third-Order Intermodulationp. 266
V.3.3 Other Terms in the Transfer Characteristic Polynomialp. 267
V.4 Mixing and Derivation of Spurious Receptionp. 269
V.4.1 Mixing = Multiplicationp. 269
V.4.2 Ambiguous Mixing Processp. 271
V.5 Characteristics of Emission Classes According to the ITU RRp. 272
V.6 Geographic Division of the Earth by Region According to ITU RRp. 272
V.7 Conversion of dB... Levelsp. 272
V.7.1 Voltage, Current and Power Levelsp. 276
V.7.2 Electric and Magnetic Field Strength, (Power) Flux Density Levelsp. 278
Referencesp. 278
Further Readingp. 279
List of Tablesp. 281
Indexp. 283