Nuclear forensic analysis

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... Perpustakaan Raja Zarith Sofiah	35000000000529	HV8073 M63 2015	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010341984	HV8073 M63 2015	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Now in its second edition, Nuclear Forensic Analysis provides a multidisciplinary reference for forensic scientists, analytical and nuclear chemists, and nuclear physicists in one convenient source. The authors focus particularly on the chemical, physical, and nuclear aspects associated with the production or interrogation of a radioactive sample. They consolidate fundamental principles of nuclear forensic analysis, all pertinent protocols and procedures, computer modeling development, interpretational insights, and attribution considerations. The principles and techniques detailed are then demonstrated and discussed in their applications to real-world investigations and casework conducted over the past several years.

Highlights of the Second Edition include:

A new section on sample analysis considerations and interpretation following a post-detonation nuclear forensic collection New case studies, including the most wide-ranging and multidisciplinary nuclear forensic investigation conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to date Expanded treatments of radiologic dispersal devices (RDDs) and statistical analysis methodologies

The material is presented with minimal mathematical formality, using consistent terminology with limited jargon, making it a reliable, accessible reference. The broad-based coverage provides important insight into the multifaceted changes facing this recently developed science.

Author Notes

Kenton J. Moody is with the Nuclear Chemistry Division at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), where he is a technical leader for the application of nuclear and radiochemical techniques to problems in national security and the U.S. nuclear stockpile. He also performs basic research on the heaviest elements. In addition to numerous classified reports detailing the performance of nuclear explosive devices, he has coauthored more than 100 refereed journal publications in the subject areas of the decay properties of the heaviest elements, nuclear reaction mechanisms, fission, and nuclear structure. He has co-discovered six chemical elements and more than four dozen heavy-element isotopes.

Patrick M. Grant has been a staff member at Livermore National Laboratory since 1983, serving as the deputy director and special operations and samples manager of the Forensic Science Center. In addition to numerous classified and law enforcement reports, he has authored or coauthored more than 120 refereed publications in the open literature in diverse subject areas. He has been a fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences since 1999 and a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Forensic Sciences since 2003. One of his unclassified investigations, a scientific explanation for the Riverside Hospital Emergency Room "Mystery Fumes" incident, was extensively highlighted in the popular media and is now appearing in fundamental forensic science textbooks.

Ian D. Hutcheon is the deputy director of the Glenn Seaborg Institute, the Chemical and Isotopic Signatures group leader in the Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, and a Distinguished Member of the Technical Staff at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He has authored over 180 publications in peer-reviewed journals in the areas of secondary-ion mass spectrometry, the early history of the solar system, and nuclear forensic analysis. He also serves on the review panels of the NASA Cosmochemistry Program and the Sample Return Laboratory Instruments and Data Analysis Program. He is a member of the American Geophysical Union and a fellow of the Meteoritical Society.

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Authors	p. xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Nuclear Materials	p. 1
1.2 Nuclear Power and Pu Production	p. 3
1.3 Nuclear Weapons and the Cold War	p. 5
1.4 Nuclear Treaties and Nonproliferation Programs	p. 7
1.5 SNM Disposition	p. 8
1.6 Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism	p. 10
1.7 Nuclear Smuggling	p. 13
1.8 Forensic Effort Areas and Goals	p. 17
1.8.1 IND versus RDD	p. 17
1.8.2 Pre-Det and Post-Det	p. 18
1.8.3 Source and Route	p. 19
1.8.4 Casework/Attribution Overview	p. 19
1.9 Historical Perspective	p. 21
1.10 Nuances of Grammar	p. 22
References	p. 22
Chapter 2 Physical Basis of Nuclear Forensic Science	p. 25
2.1 Background	p. 25
2.2 Types of Radioactive Decay	p. 30
2.3 Rate Laws in Radioactive Decay	p. 33
2.4 Atoms, Binding Energy, and Chart of the Nuclides	p. 37
2.5 Nuclear Structure, Isomerism, and Selection Rules	p. 46
2.6 Nuclear Reactions	p. 59
2.7 Natural Radioactivity	p. 69
2.8 Fission, Barrier Penetration, and Energy Production	p. 73
References	p. 83
Chapter 3 Engineering Issues	p. 87
3.1 Natural versus Synthetic Materials	p. 87
3.2 Recovery of Actinides from Earth	p. 88
3.3 Separation and Enrichment of U Isotopes	p. 92
3.3.1 Electromagnetic Isotope Separation	p. 94
3.3.2 Gaseous Diffusion	p. 96
3.3.3 Thermal Diffusion	p. 102
3.3.4 Gas Centrifugation	p. 104
3.3.5 Aerodynamic Enrichment	p. 108
3.3.6 Laser Isotope Separation	p. 109
3.3.7 Isotope Enrichment through Chemical Exchange	p. 111
3.3.8 Blending and Mixing	p. 112
3.4 Nuclear Reactors, Power, and the Production of Pu and 233 U	p. 113
3.5 Recovery and Purification of Heavy Elements from Reactor Products	p. 141
3.6 Heavy-Element Metals and Alloys	p. 149
3.7 Summary	p. 155
References	p. 156
Chapter 4 Chemistry and Nuclear Forensic Science	p. 161
4.1 Tracers in Inorganic Analysis	p. 161
4.2 Relevant Chemical Properties	p. 166
4.3 Radionuclides in Medicine and Industry	p. 174
4.4 Automation of Radiochemical Procedures	p. 177
References	p. 180
Chapter 5 Principles of Nuclear Explosive Devices and Debris Analysis	p. 183
5.1 One-Stage Fission Explosive (Atomic Bomb)	p. 183
5.2 Boosting	p. 188
5.3 Two-Stage Nuclear Explosive (Hydrogen Bomb)	p. 191
5.4 Forensic Analysis of Nuclear Explosive Debris	p. 192
5.4.1 Diagnosis of Nuclear Performance	p. 193
5.4.2 Fractionation of the Debris Field	p. 204
5.4.3 Debris Morphology and Processes of Debris Formation	p. 212
5.4.4 Delivery Signatures	p. 215
5.5 Post-Explosion Forensic Summary	p. 218
References	p. 219
Chapter 6 Chronometry	p. 223
6.1 Heavy Elements and Fission-Product Chronometers	p. 224
6.2 Granddaughters and Spoof Detection	p. 251
6.3 Detection of Incomplete Fuel Reprocessing	p. 252
References	p. 255
Chapter 7 Techniques for Small Signatures	p. 257
7.1 Chemical Separations and Reduction of Background	p. 257
7.2 Radiochemical Milking	p. 260
7.3 Mass Spectrometry and Microanalysis	p. 264
7.4 Radiation Detection	p. 264
7.4.1 Interactions of Radiation with Matter	p. 264
7.4.2 Decay Characteristics	p. 265
7.4.3 Gas-Phase Detectors	p. 269
7.4.4 Solid-State Detectors	p. 275
7.4.5 Scintillation Detectors	p. 280
7.4.6 Empirical Application and Spectra	p. 283
7.4.7 Coincidence and Anticoincidence Counting	p. 289
References	p. 291
Chapter 8 Collateral Forensic Indicators	p. 293
8.1 Stable Isotopes	p. 293
8.1.1 Lead	p. 293
8.1.2 Oxygen	p. 293
8.2 Inorganic Elements	p. 294
8.3 Organic Analyses	p. 296
8.3.1 High Explosives	p. 297
8.3.2 Hairs and Fibers	p. 297
8.3.3 Inks and Papers	p. 298
8.3.4 Fingermarks	p. 299
8.3.5 Other	p. 299
References	p. 299
Chapter 9 Sample Matrices and Collection	p. 301
9.1 Soil/Sediment Matrices	p. 301
9.2 Vegetation Matrices	p. 302
9.3 Water Matrix	p. 303
9.4 Fauna Matrices	p. 303
9.5 Other Matrices	p. 303
9.6 Collection Tactics	p. 304
References	p. 306
Chapter 10 Radiochemical Procedures	p. 307
10.1 Dissolution	p. 307
10.2 Tracer Exchange by Redox	p. 308
10.3 Chemical Separations	p. 309
10.4 MS Analysis and Reagent Purity	p. 315
References	p. 315
Chapter 11 Inorganic/Isolopic Sample Preparation	p. 317
11.1 Alpha Counting	p. 317
11.2 Beta Counting	p. 318
11.3 Gamma Counting	p. 318
11.4 Inorganic Techniques	p. 319
Chapter 12 Organic Sample Preparation	p. 321
12.1 Extraction	p. 321
12.2 Solid-Phase Microextraction	p. 321
12.3 Derivatization	p. 322
References	p. 323
Chapter 13 Extraordinary Sample Issues	p. 325
13.1 The RDD	p. 325
13.1.1 Isotopes and Commercial Uses	p. 326
13.1.2 Radiation Devices and Threat Potential	p. 328
13.1.3 Maximum-Credible Source and RDD Aftermath	p. 329
13.1.4 Historic Nuance	p. 331
13.2 Mixed Evidence	p. 331
References	p. 333
Chapter 14 Field Collection Kits	p. 335
Reference	p. 337
Chapter 15 NDA Field Radioactivity Detection	p. 339
References	p. 343
Chapter 16 Laboratory Analyses	p. 345
16.1 Radiation Counting Systems	p. 345
16.1.1 Counting Lab	p. 345
16.1.2 Counter Shielding and Systems	p. 346
16.1.3 Particle and Photon Detection	p. 348
16.1.3.1 Beta-Particle Counters	p. 348
16.1.3.2 Alpha-Particle Counters	p. 348
16.1.3.3 Gamma-Ray Counters	p. 349
16.1.3.4 Neutron Counters	p. 349
16.1.4 Chemistry Lab Application	p. 350
16.2 Tritium Analysis	p. 350
16.3 Imaging and Microscopy	p. 353
16.3.1 Optical Microscopy	p. 353
16.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 354
16.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy	p. 355
16.3.4 Electron Microprobe Analysis	p. 356
16.3.5 X-Ray Microanalysis	p. 357
16.3.6 Optical Spectroscopy	p. 357
16.4 Mass Spectrometry	p. 359
16.4.1 Isotope-Ratio MS	p. 359
16.4.2 Trace-Element MS	p. 361
16.4.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry	p. 362
16.4.4 MS and Microanalysis	p. 363
16.5 Gas Chromalography-Mass Spectrometry	p. 366
16.6 Other Techniques	p. 369
16.6.1 Capillary Electrophoresis	p. 369
16.6.2 Vis/NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy	p. 370
16.6.3 X-Ray Diffraction	p. 372
16.6.4 X-Ray Fluorescence	p. 373
References	p. 374
Chapter 17 Inferred Production Estimates	p. 379
17.1 Uranium	p. 379
17.2 Plutonium	p. 380
17.3 SNM Stocks	p. 381
17.4 Analysis	p. 383
References	p. 385
Chapter 18 Materials Profiling	p. 387
18.1 Criminalistics Comparisons	p. 387
18.2 Material Compositions	p. 388
18.3 Calculations	p. 389
18.3.1 Quantitative Data with Uncertainties	p. 390
18.3.2 Semiquantitative Data	p. 391
References	p. 392
Chapter 19 Source and Route Attribution	p. 395
19.1 Introduction	p. 395
19.1.1 Source Attribution Questions	p. 396
19.1.2 Route Attribution Questions	p. 396
19.2 Forensic Analysis of Interdicted Nuclear Materials	p. 397
19.3 Laboratory Characterization of Nuclear Materials for Source Signatures	p. 398
19.4 Laboratory Characterization of Nuclear Materials for Route Signatures	p. 400
19.5 Prioritization of Forensic Tools for Route Attribution	p. 402
19.6 Analytic Techniques for Nuclear Forensic Interrogation	p. 403
19.6.1 Isotopes	p. 403
19.6.2 Elemental Composition/Major and Trace Elements	p. 404
19.6.3 Organic Species	p. 404
19.6.4 DNA	p. 404
19.6.5 Physical and Structural Characteristics	p. 404
19.7 Geolocation and Route Attribution: Real-World Examples	p. 405
19.7.1 Pb-Isotope Fingerprinting	p. 405
19.7.2 O-Isotope Fingerprinting	p. 405
19.7.3 Trace Elements and Other Isotopic Ratios	p. 408
19.8 Reference Data for Enhanced Interpretation: Forensic Databases	p. 410
19.9 Source + Route Attribution: Two Examples	p. 412
References	p. 414
Chapter 20 Forensic Investigation of a Highly Enriched Uranium Sample Interdicted in Bulgaria	p. 417
20.1 Analyses of Uranium Oxide	p. 420
20.2 Analyses of Collateral (Route) Evidence	p. 425
20.2.1 Lead Container	p. 425
20.2.2 Yellow Wax	p. 426
20.2.3 Paper Liner and Label	p. 429
20.2.4 Glass Ampoule	p. 429
20.3 Attribution	p. 430
References	p. 432
Chapter 21 Counterforensic Investigation of US. Enrichment Plants	p. 433
21.1 Background	p. 433
21.2 Sampling	p. 433
21.3 Radiochemistry	p. 436
21.4 Results	p. 440
21.5 Interpretation	p. 443
21.6 Summary	p. 453
References	p. 454
Chapter 22 Nuclear Smuggling Hoax: D-38 Counterweight	p. 455
22.1 Background and Analyses	p. 455
22.2 Results and Discussion	p. 456
Reference	p. 456
Chapter 23 Nuclear Smuggling Hoax: Sc Metal	p. 457
23.1 Background and Analyses	p. 457
23.2 Results and Discussion	p. 458
Reference	p. 458
Chapter 24 Fatal "Cold Fusion" Explosion	p. 459
24.1 Background and Analyses	p. 459
24.2 Results and Discussion	p. 460
24.3 Commentary	p. 461
References	p. 464
Chapter 25 Questioned Sample from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency	p. 465
25.1 Background and Nondestructive Analysis	p. 465
25.2 Radiochemistry and Results	p. 466
25.3 Discussion	p. 468
25.4 Summary	p. 474
References	p. 475
Chapter 26 Radioactive Pillow Shipment	p. 477
26.1 Background and Analyses	p. 477
26.2 Results and Discussion	p. 478
Chapter 27 Afghanistan Scam Specimens	p. 481
27.1 Background and Questioned Specimens	p. 481
27.2 Initial NDA	p. 481
27.3 Forensic Analyses after Billet B&E	p. 484
27.4 Very Unusual Incorporated Objects	p. 487
27.5 Discussion and Assessment	p. 490
Acknowledgments	p. 491
Index	p. 493

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