Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010081829 | TK7871.67.A33 G 64 2004 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
On Order
Summary
Summary
The use of smart antennas to increase mobile communications channels has re-ignited research and development in the field. Practicing engineers are eager to discover more about this subject, and need a comprehensive book that can provide a learning platform and prevent the loss of time spent on searches through journal literature.
Smart Antennas examines nearly all aspects of array signal processing and presents them in a logical manner. It delivers a detailed treatment of antenna array processing schemes, adaptive algorithms to adjust weighting, direction of arrival (DOA) estimation methods, diversity-combining methods that combat fading and reduce errors.
The book introduces the various processor structures suitable for the narrowband field, examining the behavior of both element space and beamspace processors. It then explores adaptive processing, focusing on the simple matrix inversion algorithm, constrained least mean squares (LMS), the neural network approach, and more. The text also describes smart antennas that are suitable for broadband signals, and presents analyses and techniques suitable for correlated fields in narrowband and broadband signals.
This volume supplements its content with extensive references, enabling you to further investigate smart antenna array schemes and application.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 Antenna Gain | p. 1 |
1.2 Phased Array Antenna | p. 2 |
1.3 Power Pattern | p. 2 |
1.4 Beam Steering | p. 2 |
1.5 Degree of Freedom | p. 3 |
1.6 Optimal Antenna | p. 4 |
1.7 Adaptive Antenna | p. 4 |
1.8 Smart Antenna | p. 4 |
1.9 Book Outline | p. 5 |
References | p. 6 |
2 Narrowband Processing | p. 7 |
2.1 Signal Model | p. 11 |
2.1.1 Steering Vector Representation | p. 14 |
2.1.2 Eigenvalue Decomposition | p. 17 |
2.2 Conventional Beamformer | p. 18 |
2.2.1 Source in Look Direction | p. 19 |
2.2.2 Directional Interference | p. 20 |
2.2.3 Random Noise Environment | p. 23 |
2.2.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 23 |
2.3 Null Steering Beamformer | p. 25 |
2.4 Optimal Beamformer | p. 26 |
2.4.1 Unconstrained Beamformer | p. 27 |
2.4.2 Constrained Beamformer | p. 28 |
2.4.3 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Array Gain | p. 30 |
2.4.4 Special Case 1: Uncorrelated Noise Only | p. 31 |
2.4.5 Special Case 2: One Directional Interference | p. 32 |
2.5 Optimization Using Reference Signal | p. 33 |
2.6 Beam Space Processing | p. 36 |
2.6.1 Optimal Beam Space Processor | p. 38 |
2.6.2 Generalized Side-Lobe Canceler | p. 41 |
2.6.3 Postbeamformer Interference Canceler | p. 44 |
2.6.4 Comparison of Postbeamformer Interference Canceler with Element Space Processor | p. 60 |
2.6.5 Comparison in Presence of Look Direction Errors | p. 61 |
2.7 Effect of Errors | p. 67 |
2.7.1 Weight Vector Errors | p. 68 |
2.7.2 Steering Vector Errors | p. 71 |
2.7.3 Phase Shifter Errors | p. 81 |
2.7.4 Phase Quantization Errors | p. 88 |
2.7.5 Other Errors | p. 89 |
2.7.6 Robust Beamforming | p. 90 |
Notation and Abbreviations | p. 90 |
References | p. 94 |
3 Adaptive Processing | p. 101 |
3.1 Sample Matrix Inversion Algorithm | p. 103 |
3.2 Unconstrained Least Mean Squares Algorithm | p. 104 |
3.2.1 Gradient Estimate | p. 105 |
3.2.2 Covariance of Gradient | p. 105 |
3.2.3 Convergence of Weight Vector | p. 107 |
3.2.4 Convergence Speed | p. 110 |
3.2.5 Weight Covariance Matrix | p. 112 |
3.2.6 Transient Behavior of Weight Covariance Matrix | p. 114 |
3.2.7 Excess Mean Square Error | p. 116 |
3.2.8 Misadjustment | p. 118 |
3.3 Normalized Least Mean Squares Algorithm | p. 120 |
3.4 Constrained Least Mean Squares Algorithm | p. 120 |
3.4.1 Gradient Estimate | p. 122 |
3.4.2 Covariance of Gradient | p. 122 |
3.4.3 Convergence of Weight Vector | p. 123 |
3.4.4 Weight Covariance Matrix | p. 124 |
3.4.5 Transient Behavior of Weight Covariance Matrix | p. 125 |
3.4.6 Convergence of Weight Covariance Matrix | p. 127 |
3.4.7 Misadjustment | p. 128 |
3.5 Perturbation Algorithms | p. 130 |
3.5.1 Time Multiplex Sequence | p. 131 |
3.5.2 Single-Receiver System | p. 132 |
3.5.3 Dual-Receiver System | p. 134 |
3.5.4 Covariance of Weights | p. 135 |
3.5.5 Misadjustment Results | p. 138 |
3.6 Structured Gradient Algorithm | p. 139 |
3.6.1 Gradient Estimate | p. 140 |
3.6.2 Examples and Discussion | p. 141 |
3.7 Recursive Least Mean Squares Algorithm | p. 143 |
3.7.1 Gradient Estimates | p. 144 |
3.7.2 Covariance of Gradient | p. 145 |
3.7.3 Discussion | p. 147 |
3.8 Improved Least Mean Squares Algorithm | p. 147 |
3.9 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm | p. 150 |
3.10 Constant Modulus Algorithm | p. 152 |
3.11 Conjugate Gradient Method | p. 153 |
3.12 Neural Network Approach | p. 154 |
3.13 Adaptive Beam Space Processing | p. 156 |
3.13.1 Gradient Estimate | p. 157 |
3.13.2 Convergence of Weights | p. 158 |
3.13.3 Covariance of Weights | p. 158 |
3.13.4 Transient Behavior of Weight Covariance | p. 159 |
3.13.5 Steady-State Behavior of Weight Covariance | p. 160 |
3.13.6 Misadjustment | p. 161 |
3.13.7 Examples and Discussion | p. 162 |
3.14 Signal Sensitivity of Constrained Least Mean Squares Algorithm | p. 163 |
3.15 Implementation Issues | p. 166 |
3.15.1 Finite Precision Arithmetic | p. 166 |
3.15.2 Real vs. Complex Implementation | p. 167 |
Notation and Abbreviations | p. 174 |
References | p. 178 |
Appendices | p. 182 |
4 Broadband Processing | p. 201 |
4.1 Tapped-Delay Line Structure | p. 203 |
4.1.1 Description | p. 203 |
4.1.2 Frequency Response | p. 206 |
4.1.3 Optimization | p. 207 |
4.1.4 Adaptive Algorithm | p. 209 |
4.1.5 Minimum Mean Square Error Design | p. 212 |
4.2 Partitioned Realization | p. 216 |
4.2.1 Generalized Side-Lobe Canceler | p. 218 |
4.2.2 Constrained Partitioned Realization | p. 222 |
4.2.3 General Constrained Partitioned Realization | p. 223 |
4.3 Derivative Constrained Processor | p. 225 |
4.3.1 First-Order Derivative Constraints | p. 225 |
4.3.2 Second-Order Derivative Constraints | p. 228 |
4.3.3 Optimization with Derivative Constraints | p. 228 |
4.3.4 Adaptive Algorithm | p. 234 |
4.3.5 Choice of Origin | p. 234 |
4.4 Correlation Constrained Processor | p. 236 |
4.5 Digital Beamforming | p. 237 |
4.6 Frequency Domain Processing | p. 240 |
4.6.1 Description | p. 241 |
4.6.2 Relationship with Tapped-Delay Line Structure Processing | p. 243 |
4.6.3 Transformation of Constraints | p. 248 |
4.7 Broadband Processing Using Discrete Fourier Transform Method | p. 252 |
4.7.1 Weight Estimation | p. 254 |
4.7.2 Performance Comparison | p. 255 |
4.7.3 Computational Requirement Comparison | p. 259 |
4.7.4 Schemes to Reduce Computation | p. 260 |
4.7.5 Discussion | p. 265 |
4.8 Performance | p. 267 |
Notation and Abbreviations | p. 267 |
References | p. 271 |
5 Correlated Fields | p. 275 |
5.1 Correlated Signal Model | p. 276 |
5.2 Optimal Element Space Processor | p. 278 |
5.3 Optimized Postbeamformer Interference Canceler Processor | p. 280 |
5.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Performance | p. 283 |
5.4.1 Zero Uncorrelated Noise | p. 286 |
5.4.2 Strong Interference and Large Number of Elements | p. 287 |
5.4.3 Coherent Sources | p. 287 |
5.4.4 Examples and Discussion | p. 288 |
5.5 Methods to Alleviate Correlation Effects | p. 289 |
5.6 Spatial Smoothing Method | p. 292 |
5.6.1 Decorrelation Analysis | p. 293 |
5.6.2 Adaptive Algorithm | p. 296 |
5.7 Structured Beamforming Method | p. 297 |
5.7.1 Decorrelation Analysis | p. 297 |
5.7.2 Structured Gradient Algorithm | p. 301 |
5.8 Correlated Broadband Sources | p. 310 |
5.8.1 Structure of Array Correlation Matrix | p. 310 |
5.8.2 Correlated Field Model | p. 312 |
5.8.3 Structured Beamforming Method | p. 313 |
5.8.4 Decorrelation Analysis | p. 314 |
Notation and Abbreviations | p. 321 |
References | p. 323 |
6 Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Methods | p. 325 |
6.1 Spectral Estimation Methods | p. 326 |
6.1.1 Bartlett Method | p. 326 |
6.2 Minimum Variance Distortionless Response Estimator | p. 326 |
6.3 Linear Prediction Method | p. 327 |
6.4 Maximum Entropy Method | p. 327 |
6.5 Maximum Likelihood Method | p. 329 |
6.6 Eigenstructure Methods | p. 329 |
6.7 MUSIC Algorithm | p. 330 |
6.7.1 Spectral MUSIC | p. 331 |
6.7.2 Root-MUSIC | p. 331 |
6.7.3 Constrained MUSIC | p. 331 |
6.7.4 Beam Space MUSIC | p. 332 |
6.8 Minimum Norm Method | p. 332 |
6.9 CLOSEST Method | p. 333 |
6.10 ESPRIT Method | p. 336 |
6.11 Weighted Subspace Fitting Method | p. 336 |
6.12 Review of Other Methods | p. 338 |
6.13 Preprocessing Techniques | p. 340 |
6.14 Estimating Source Number | p. 341 |
6.15 Performance Comparison | p. 343 |
6.16 Sensitivity Analysis | p. 347 |
Notation and Abbreviations | p. 347 |
References | p. 348 |
7 Single-Antenna System in Fading Channels | p. 359 |
7.1 Fading Channels | p. 359 |
7.1.1 Large-Scale Fading | p. 361 |
7.1.2 Small-Scale Fading | p. 363 |
7.1.3 Distribution of Signal Power | p. 366 |
7.2 Channel Gain | p. 367 |
7.3 Single-Antenna System | p. 368 |
7.3.1 Noise-Limited System | p. 368 |
7.3.2 Interference-Limited System | p. 370 |
7.3.3 Interference with Nakagami Fading and Shadowing | p. 373 |
7.3.4 Error Rate Performance | p. 376 |
Notation and Abbreviations | p. 377 |
References | p. 379 |
8 Diversity Combining | p. 381 |
8.1 Selection Combiner | p. 385 |
8.1.1 Noise-Limited Systems | p. 386 |
8.1.2 Interference-Limited Systems | p. 391 |
8.2 Switched Diversity Combiner | p. 395 |
8.2.1 Outage Probability | p. 395 |
8.2.2 Average Bit Error Rate | p. 396 |
8.2.3 Correlated Fading | p. 398 |
8.3 Equal Gain Combiner | p. 400 |
8.3.1 Noise-Limited Systems | p. 400 |
8.3.2 Interference-Limited Systems | p. 406 |
8.4 Maximum Ratio Combiner | p. 408 |
8.4.1 Noise-Limited Systems | p. 409 |
8.4.2 Interference-Limited Systems | p. 415 |
8.5 Optimal Combiner | p. 418 |
8.5.1 Mean Signal Power to Interference Power Ratio | p. 419 |
8.5.2 Outage Probability | p. 420 |
8.5.3 Average Bit Error Rate | p. 420 |
8.6 Generalized Selection Combiner | p. 421 |
8.6.1 Moment-Generating Functions | p. 422 |
8.6.2 Mean Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 423 |
8.6.3 Outage Probability | p. 425 |
8.6.4 Average Bit Error Rate | p. 426 |
8.7 Cascade Diversity Combiner | p. 428 |
8.7.1 Rayleigh Fading Environment | p. 429 |
8.7.2 Nakagami Fading Environment | p. 433 |
8.8 Macroscopic Diversity Combiner | p. 435 |
8.8.1 Effect of Shadowing | p. 435 |
8.8.2 Microscopic Plus Macroscopic Diversity | p. 437 |
Notation and Abbreviations | p. 439 |
References | p. 441 |
Index | p. 445 |