Title:
Biological adhesives
Publication Information:
Berlin : Springer, 2006
Physical Description:
xvii, 284 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
ISBN:
9783540310488
Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
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Searching... | 30000010164316 | TP968 B56 2006 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
Many creatures use adhesive polymers and structures to attach to inert substrates, to each other, or to other organisms. This is the first major review that brings together research on many of the well-known biological adhesives dealing with bacteria, fungi, algae, and marine and terrestrial animals. As we learn more about their molecular and mechanical properties we begin to understand why they adhere so well and with this comes broad applications in areas such as medicine, dentistry, and biotechnology.
Table of Contents
1 Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Exopolymeric Adhesives and their Commercial Development | p. 1 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.2 Adhesive Development | p. 4 |
1.2.1 Mechanical Testing of Adhesive Bonds | p. 4 |
1.2.2 Bacterial Exopolymer Adhesives | p. 5 |
1.2.3 Related Polysaccharide-based Adhesives | p. 15 |
1.3 Outlook | p. 17 |
References | p. 18 |
2 The Molecular Genetics of Bioadhesion and Biofilm Formation | p. 21 |
2.1 Biofilm Formation and its Regulation | p. 21 |
2.1.1 Environmental Factors Leading to Biofilm Formation | p. 22 |
2.1.2 Quorum Sensing | p. 23 |
2.1.3 Global Regulators | p. 24 |
2.2 A Case of Complex Regulatory Control: The Curli Factors (Thin Aggregative Fimbriae) of Enterobacteria | p. 26 |
2.2.1 Curli Fibers: A Major Determinant for Biofilm Formation in Enterobacteria | p. 26 |
2.2.2 Conditions for the Expression of Curli | p. 28 |
2.2.3 Regulation by Osmolarity | p. 30 |
2.2.4 Regulation According to the Bacterial Growth Phase | p. 31 |
2.2.5 Thermoregulation | p. 31 |
2.2.6 Regulation as a Result of Oxygen Concentration | p. 32 |
2.2.7 Other Regulatory Systems | p. 33 |
2.3 GGDEF and EAL Regulatory Proteins: Regulation of Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis at the Enzyme Level | p. 33 |
2.3.1 The GGDEF-EAL Protein Family | p. 33 |
References | p. 35 |
3 Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes | p. 41 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 41 |
3.2 Prevalence and Importance of Adhesion in Fungi and Oomycetes | p. 41 |
3.2.1 Adhesion as Part of Many Stages of Morphogenesis in Many Fungi | p. 42 |
3.2.2 Functions of Adhesion | p. 43 |
3.2.3 Selected Examples | p. 44 |
3.3 Challenges in Identifying Adhesives in Fungi | p. 45 |
3.3.1 Genetic 'Knockout' and 'Knockin' Strategies | p. 45 |
3.3.2 Biochemical Strategies | p. 47 |
3.4 Fungal and Oomycete Glues | p. 47 |
3.4.1 Features | p. 47 |
3.4.2 Composition of Glues | p. 48 |
3.4.3 Secretion and Crosslinking, with a Focus on Transglutaminase | p. 49 |
3.4.4 Cell-surface Macromolecules with Apparent Adhesive Properties | p. 49 |
3.5 Fungal Adhesins | p. 55 |
3.6 Conclusions | p. 56 |
References | p. 57 |
4 The Ulva Spore Adhesive System | p. 63 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 63 |
4.2 Cell Biological and Biochemical Aspects | p. 64 |
4.2.1 The 'Adhesive Apparatus' | p. 64 |
4.2.2 Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Identify the Contents of Adhesive Vesicles | p. 66 |
4.2.3 Biochemical Characteristics of the Adhesive Antigens | p. 68 |
4.2.4 Experiments on Cross-linking | p. 68 |
4.2.5 Molecular Aspects | p. 69 |
4.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Adhesive | p. 69 |
4.3.1 Imaging the Adhesive by ESEM | p. 69 |
4.3.2 The Influence of Surface Properties on Adhesion and Adhesive Spreading | p. 70 |
4.3.3 Nanomechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Spore Adhesive | p. 72 |
4.3.4 Adhesive Strength of the Whole Spore System | p. 74 |
4.4 Conclusions and Further Perspectives | p. 74 |
References | p. 76 |
5 Diatom Adhesives: Molecular and Mechanical Properties | p. 79 |
5.1 Diatoms and Adhesion | p. 79 |
5.1.1 Diatom Morphology | p. 79 |
5.1.2 Significance of Diatom Adhesion | p. 79 |
5.1.3 Diatom Adhesion Strategies | p. 81 |
5.1.4 General Composition of Diatom Mucilages | p. 81 |
5.2 Adhesion and Gliding of Raphid Diatoms | p. 82 |
5.2.1 Adhesion and Gliding Behaviour | p. 82 |
5.2.2 Mechanism of Raphid Diatom Adhesion and Gliding | p. 83 |
5.2.3 Fine Structure of Raphid Diatom Mucilages | p. 85 |
5.2.4 Nanomechanical Properties Determined by AFM | p. 89 |
5.2.5 Molecular Composition | p. 91 |
5.3 Sessile Adhesion | p. 93 |
5.3.1 Physical Properties of Adhesive Pads with AFM | p. 94 |
5.3.2 Molecular Composition and Chemical Properties of Stalks: Achnanthes longipes | p. 96 |
5.4 Concluding Remarks | p. 99 |
References | p. 99 |
6 Phenolic-based Adhesives of Marine Brown Algae | p. 105 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 105 |
6.2 Adhesion of Brown Algal Propagules | p. 106 |
6.2.1 Settlement and Attachment of Brown Algal Spores | p. 106 |
6.2.2 Adhesion of Fucoid Zygotes | p. 107 |
6.3 Secretion of Brown Algal Phenolics and Adhesion | p. 109 |
6.4 Curing Mechanisms Involving Brown Algal Vanadium Peroxidases | p. 111 |
6.4.1 Brown Algal Vanadium-dependent Haloperoxidase | p. 112 |
6.4.2 In vitro Investigations of Haloperoxidase-mediated Oxidative Cross-linking | p. 113 |
6.4.3 Requirement for an Efficient Oxidation Mechanism In Situ | p. 115 |
6.5 Industrial Potential of Brown Algal Adhesives | p. 116 |
6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects | p. 118 |
References | p. 119 |
7 Chemical Subtleties of Mussel and Polychaete Holdfasts | p. 125 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 125 |
7.2 Protein Deamidation | p. 126 |
7.3 Protein Phosphorylation | p. 129 |
7.4 Dopa Chemistry | p. 131 |
7.4.1 Gradients | p. 131 |
7.4.2 Metal Binding | p. 134 |
7.4.3 Cross-linking | p. 136 |
7.4.4 Michael Additions: Amines | p. 138 |
7.4.5 Michael Thiol Additions | p. 138 |
7.5 Conclusion | p. 139 |
References | p. 140 |
8 Barnacle Underwater Attachment | p. 145 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 145 |
8.2 Barnacle Attachment | p. 146 |
8.2.1 A Unique Sessile Crustacean | p. 146 |
8.2.2 Attachment in the Life Cycle | p. 147 |
8.2.3 Biosynthesis and Secretion of Underwater Cement | p. 147 |
8.3 Barnacle Underwater Cement | p. 148 |
8.3.1 Cement Layer | p. 148 |
8.3.2 Cement Sample | p. 149 |
8.3.3 Cement Nature | p. 149 |
8.3.4 Multi-functionality in Underwater Attachment | p. 150 |
8.3.5 Cement Proteins and Possible Functions | p. 151 |
8.3.6 Possible Molecular Model for Barnacle Underwater Attachment | p. 158 |
8.4 Comparison with Other Holdfast Proteins | p. 160 |
8.5 Applications to Material Science | p. 162 |
8.6 Concluding Remarks | p. 163 |
References | p. 163 |
9 The Biochemistry and Mechanics of Gastropod Adhesive Gels | p. 167 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 167 |
9.2 Background | p. 168 |
9.3 Adhesive Gels Used by Different Animals | p. 168 |
9.4 Principles of Gel Mechanics | p. 170 |
9.5 Adhesive Gel Structure | p. 173 |
9.6 The Role of Different Proteins in Adhesion | p. 176 |
9.7 Mechanisms of Crosslinking | p. 178 |
9.8 Comparison of Gel Structure Among Gastropods | p. 179 |
9.9 Conclusion | p. 180 |
References | p. 180 |
10 Adhesive Secretions in Echinoderms: An Overview | p. 183 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 183 |
10.2 Tube Feet | p. 183 |
10.3 Larval Adhesive Organs | p. 189 |
10.4 Cuvierian Tubules | p. 194 |
10.5 Comparisons of Echinoderm Adhesives with Other Marine Bioadhesives | p. 197 |
10.6 Conclusion | p. 202 |
References | p. 203 |
11 An Adhesive Secreted by Australian Frogs of the Genus Notaden | p. 207 |
11.1 Introduction | p. 207 |
11.2 Preliminary Field and Laboratory Data | p. 208 |
11.3 Adhesive Collection | p. 209 |
11.4 Solubilisation and Solidification | p. 210 |
11.5 Mechanical Properties | p. 211 |
11.6 Biocompatibility | p. 214 |
11.7 Biochemical Studies | p. 215 |
11.7.1 Colour | p. 216 |
11.7.2 CD Spectra | p. 216 |
11.7.3 Amino Acid Analysis | p. 216 |
11.7.4 Protein Fractionation | p. 217 |
11.8 Applications | p. 219 |
11.9 Conclusions | p. 221 |
References | p. 222 |
12 Properties, Principles, and Parameters of the Gecko Adhesive System | p. 225 |
12.1 Introduction | p. 225 |
12.2 Adhesive Properties of Gecko Setae | p. 227 |
12.2.1 Properties (1) Anisotropic Attachment and (2) High Adhesion Coefficient [mu prime] | p. 227 |
12.2.2 Property (3) Low Detachment Force | p. 229 |
12.2.3 Integration of Body and Leg Dynamics with Setal Attachment and Detachment | p. 230 |
12.2.4 Molecular Mechanism of Gecko Adhesion | p. 231 |
12.2.5 Property (4) Material Independent Adhesion | p. 233 |
12.3 Anti-adhesive Properties of Gecko Setae | p. 238 |
12.3.1 Properties (5) Self-cleaning and (6) Anti-self-adhesion | p. 238 |
12.3.2 Property (7) Nonsticky Default State | p. 239 |
12.4 Modeling Adhesive Nanostructures | p. 241 |
12.4.1 Effective Modulus of a Setal Array | p. 241 |
12.4.2 Rough Surface and Antimatting Conditions | p. 244 |
12.5 Scaling | p. 244 |
12.5.1 Scaling of Pad Area and Spatular Size | p. 245 |
12.5.2 Scaling of Stress | p. 245 |
12.6 Comparison of Conventional and Gecko Adhesives | p. 246 |
12.7 Gecko-inspired Synthetic Adhesive Nanostructures | p. 248 |
12.8 Future Directions in the Study of the Gecko Adhesive System | p. 250 |
References | p. 251 |
13 Biomimetic Adhesive Polymers Based on Mussel Adhesive Proteins | p. 257 |
13.1 Introduction | p. 257 |
13.2 Mussel Adhesive Proteins and DOPA | p. 258 |
13.3 Medical Adhesives: Requirements and Existing Materials | p. 261 |
13.4 MAP-Mimetic Adhesive Polymers | p. 262 |
13.4.1 Extraction and Expression of MAPs | p. 263 |
13.4.2 Chemical Synthesis of MAP Mimetic-Polymers | p. 264 |
13.5 Antifouling MAP Mimetic Polymers | p. 269 |
13.6 Conclusions | p. 272 |
References | p. 273 |
Subject Index | p. 279 |