Anthony P. HaagPaolo Landini and Gregory Jubelin and Corinne Dorel-FlamantLynn Epstein and Ralph L. NicholsonJames A. Callow and Maureen E. CallowAnthony Chiovitti and Tony M. Dugdale and Richard WetherbeePhilippe Potin and Catherine LeblancJason Sagert and Chengjun Sun and J. Herbert WaiteKei KaminoAndrew M. SmithPatrick FlammangLloyd D. Graham and Veronica Glattauer and Yong Y. Peng and Paul R. Vaughan and Jerome A. Werkmeister and Michael J. Tyler and John A.M. RamshawKellar AutumnBruce P. Lee and Jeffrey L. Dalsin and Phillip B. Messersmith

1 Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Exopolymeric Adhesives and their Commercial Development	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Adhesive Development	p. 4
1.2.1 Mechanical Testing of Adhesive Bonds	p. 4
1.2.2 Bacterial Exopolymer Adhesives	p. 5
1.2.3 Related Polysaccharide-based Adhesives	p. 15
1.3 Outlook	p. 17
References	p. 18
2 The Molecular Genetics of Bioadhesion and Biofilm Formation	p. 21
2.1 Biofilm Formation and its Regulation	p. 21
2.1.1 Environmental Factors Leading to Biofilm Formation	p. 22
2.1.2 Quorum Sensing	p. 23
2.1.3 Global Regulators	p. 24
2.2 A Case of Complex Regulatory Control: The Curli Factors (Thin Aggregative Fimbriae) of Enterobacteria	p. 26
2.2.1 Curli Fibers: A Major Determinant for Biofilm Formation in Enterobacteria	p. 26
2.2.2 Conditions for the Expression of Curli	p. 28
2.2.3 Regulation by Osmolarity	p. 30
2.2.4 Regulation According to the Bacterial Growth Phase	p. 31
2.2.5 Thermoregulation	p. 31
2.2.6 Regulation as a Result of Oxygen Concentration	p. 32
2.2.7 Other Regulatory Systems	p. 33
2.3 GGDEF and EAL Regulatory Proteins: Regulation of Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis at the Enzyme Level	p. 33
2.3.1 The GGDEF-EAL Protein Family	p. 33
References	p. 35
3 Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes	p. 41
3.1 Introduction	p. 41
3.2 Prevalence and Importance of Adhesion in Fungi and Oomycetes	p. 41
3.2.1 Adhesion as Part of Many Stages of Morphogenesis in Many Fungi	p. 42
3.2.2 Functions of Adhesion	p. 43
3.2.3 Selected Examples	p. 44
3.3 Challenges in Identifying Adhesives in Fungi	p. 45
3.3.1 Genetic 'Knockout' and 'Knockin' Strategies	p. 45
3.3.2 Biochemical Strategies	p. 47
3.4 Fungal and Oomycete Glues	p. 47
3.4.1 Features	p. 47
3.4.2 Composition of Glues	p. 48
3.4.3 Secretion and Crosslinking, with a Focus on Transglutaminase	p. 49
3.4.4 Cell-surface Macromolecules with Apparent Adhesive Properties	p. 49
3.5 Fungal Adhesins	p. 55
3.6 Conclusions	p. 56
References	p. 57
4 The Ulva Spore Adhesive System	p. 63
4.1 Introduction	p. 63
4.2 Cell Biological and Biochemical Aspects	p. 64
4.2.1 The 'Adhesive Apparatus'	p. 64
4.2.2 Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Identify the Contents of Adhesive Vesicles	p. 66
4.2.3 Biochemical Characteristics of the Adhesive Antigens	p. 68
4.2.4 Experiments on Cross-linking	p. 68
4.2.5 Molecular Aspects	p. 69
4.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Adhesive	p. 69
4.3.1 Imaging the Adhesive by ESEM	p. 69
4.3.2 The Influence of Surface Properties on Adhesion and Adhesive Spreading	p. 70
4.3.3 Nanomechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Spore Adhesive	p. 72
4.3.4 Adhesive Strength of the Whole Spore System	p. 74
4.4 Conclusions and Further Perspectives	p. 74
References	p. 76
5 Diatom Adhesives: Molecular and Mechanical Properties	p. 79
5.1 Diatoms and Adhesion	p. 79
5.1.1 Diatom Morphology	p. 79
5.1.2 Significance of Diatom Adhesion	p. 79
5.1.3 Diatom Adhesion Strategies	p. 81
5.1.4 General Composition of Diatom Mucilages	p. 81
5.2 Adhesion and Gliding of Raphid Diatoms	p. 82
5.2.1 Adhesion and Gliding Behaviour	p. 82
5.2.2 Mechanism of Raphid Diatom Adhesion and Gliding	p. 83
5.2.3 Fine Structure of Raphid Diatom Mucilages	p. 85
5.2.4 Nanomechanical Properties Determined by AFM	p. 89
5.2.5 Molecular Composition	p. 91
5.3 Sessile Adhesion	p. 93
5.3.1 Physical Properties of Adhesive Pads with AFM	p. 94
5.3.2 Molecular Composition and Chemical Properties of Stalks: Achnanthes longipes	p. 96
5.4 Concluding Remarks	p. 99
References	p. 99
6 Phenolic-based Adhesives of Marine Brown Algae	p. 105
6.1 Introduction	p. 105
6.2 Adhesion of Brown Algal Propagules	p. 106
6.2.1 Settlement and Attachment of Brown Algal Spores	p. 106
6.2.2 Adhesion of Fucoid Zygotes	p. 107
6.3 Secretion of Brown Algal Phenolics and Adhesion	p. 109
6.4 Curing Mechanisms Involving Brown Algal Vanadium Peroxidases	p. 111
6.4.1 Brown Algal Vanadium-dependent Haloperoxidase	p. 112
6.4.2 In vitro Investigations of Haloperoxidase-mediated Oxidative Cross-linking	p. 113
6.4.3 Requirement for an Efficient Oxidation Mechanism In Situ	p. 115
6.5 Industrial Potential of Brown Algal Adhesives	p. 116
6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects	p. 118
References	p. 119
7 Chemical Subtleties of Mussel and Polychaete Holdfasts	p. 125
7.1 Introduction	p. 125
7.2 Protein Deamidation	p. 126
7.3 Protein Phosphorylation	p. 129
7.4 Dopa Chemistry	p. 131
7.4.1 Gradients	p. 131
7.4.2 Metal Binding	p. 134
7.4.3 Cross-linking	p. 136
7.4.4 Michael Additions: Amines	p. 138
7.4.5 Michael Thiol Additions	p. 138
7.5 Conclusion	p. 139
References	p. 140
8 Barnacle Underwater Attachment	p. 145
8.1 Introduction	p. 145
8.2 Barnacle Attachment	p. 146
8.2.1 A Unique Sessile Crustacean	p. 146
8.2.2 Attachment in the Life Cycle	p. 147
8.2.3 Biosynthesis and Secretion of Underwater Cement	p. 147
8.3 Barnacle Underwater Cement	p. 148
8.3.1 Cement Layer	p. 148
8.3.2 Cement Sample	p. 149
8.3.3 Cement Nature	p. 149
8.3.4 Multi-functionality in Underwater Attachment	p. 150
8.3.5 Cement Proteins and Possible Functions	p. 151
8.3.6 Possible Molecular Model for Barnacle Underwater Attachment	p. 158
8.4 Comparison with Other Holdfast Proteins	p. 160
8.5 Applications to Material Science	p. 162
8.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 163
References	p. 163
9 The Biochemistry and Mechanics of Gastropod Adhesive Gels	p. 167
9.1 Introduction	p. 167
9.2 Background	p. 168
9.3 Adhesive Gels Used by Different Animals	p. 168
9.4 Principles of Gel Mechanics	p. 170
9.5 Adhesive Gel Structure	p. 173
9.6 The Role of Different Proteins in Adhesion	p. 176
9.7 Mechanisms of Crosslinking	p. 178
9.8 Comparison of Gel Structure Among Gastropods	p. 179
9.9 Conclusion	p. 180
References	p. 180
10 Adhesive Secretions in Echinoderms: An Overview	p. 183
10.1 Introduction	p. 183
10.2 Tube Feet	p. 183
10.3 Larval Adhesive Organs	p. 189
10.4 Cuvierian Tubules	p. 194
10.5 Comparisons of Echinoderm Adhesives with Other Marine Bioadhesives	p. 197
10.6 Conclusion	p. 202
References	p. 203
11 An Adhesive Secreted by Australian Frogs of the Genus Notaden	p. 207
11.1 Introduction	p. 207
11.2 Preliminary Field and Laboratory Data	p. 208
11.3 Adhesive Collection	p. 209
11.4 Solubilisation and Solidification	p. 210
11.5 Mechanical Properties	p. 211
11.6 Biocompatibility	p. 214
11.7 Biochemical Studies	p. 215
11.7.1 Colour	p. 216
11.7.2 CD Spectra	p. 216
11.7.3 Amino Acid Analysis	p. 216
11.7.4 Protein Fractionation	p. 217
11.8 Applications	p. 219
11.9 Conclusions	p. 221
References	p. 222
12 Properties, Principles, and Parameters of the Gecko Adhesive System	p. 225
12.1 Introduction	p. 225
12.2 Adhesive Properties of Gecko Setae	p. 227
12.2.1 Properties (1) Anisotropic Attachment and (2) High Adhesion Coefficient [mu prime]	p. 227
12.2.2 Property (3) Low Detachment Force	p. 229
12.2.3 Integration of Body and Leg Dynamics with Setal Attachment and Detachment	p. 230
12.2.4 Molecular Mechanism of Gecko Adhesion	p. 231
12.2.5 Property (4) Material Independent Adhesion	p. 233
12.3 Anti-adhesive Properties of Gecko Setae	p. 238
12.3.1 Properties (5) Self-cleaning and (6) Anti-self-adhesion	p. 238
12.3.2 Property (7) Nonsticky Default State	p. 239
12.4 Modeling Adhesive Nanostructures	p. 241
12.4.1 Effective Modulus of a Setal Array	p. 241
12.4.2 Rough Surface and Antimatting Conditions	p. 244
12.5 Scaling	p. 244
12.5.1 Scaling of Pad Area and Spatular Size	p. 245
12.5.2 Scaling of Stress	p. 245
12.6 Comparison of Conventional and Gecko Adhesives	p. 246
12.7 Gecko-inspired Synthetic Adhesive Nanostructures	p. 248
12.8 Future Directions in the Study of the Gecko Adhesive System	p. 250
References	p. 251
13 Biomimetic Adhesive Polymers Based on Mussel Adhesive Proteins	p. 257
13.1 Introduction	p. 257
13.2 Mussel Adhesive Proteins and DOPA	p. 258
13.3 Medical Adhesives: Requirements and Existing Materials	p. 261
13.4 MAP-Mimetic Adhesive Polymers	p. 262
13.4.1 Extraction and Expression of MAPs	p. 263
13.4.2 Chemical Synthesis of MAP Mimetic-Polymers	p. 264
13.5 Antifouling MAP Mimetic Polymers	p. 269
13.6 Conclusions	p. 272
References	p. 273
Subject Index	p. 279