Decontamination of heavy metals : processes, mechanisms, and applications

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Title:

Personal Author:

Chen, Jiaping Paul, author

Series:

Advances in industrial and hazardous wastes treatment series

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, F.L. : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, c2013

Physical Description:

xvii, 435 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9781439816677

Abstract:

"From crystallization to membrane filtration, this book covers a wide range of subjects relating to heavy metals in the environment. The author explores the treatment, removal, recovery, disposal, management, and modeling of heavy metals. The text covers heavy adsorption processes including metal biosorption, ion exchange, and electrolysis processes for heavy metal decontamination. It also gives an overview of radioactive metals and their transportation in natural systems; presents various mathematical models for metal removal and recovery as well as transportation; and discusses a series of emerging technologies for metal treatment and management"--provided by publisher

Subject Term:

Heavy metals -- Environmental aspects

Hazardous waste site remediation

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
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Summary

Heavy metals, such as lead, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, and nickel, are important constituents of most living organisms, as well as many nonliving substances. Some heavy metals are essential for growth of biological and microbiological lives, yet their presence in excessive quantities is harmful to humans and interferes with many environmental processes. Heavy metals are also nonbiodegradable, making them more difficult to remediate. Decontamination of Heavy Metals: Processes, Mechanisms, and Applications tackles the subject of heavy metals in the environment, with special emphasis on their treatment, removal, recovery, disposal, management, and modeling.

Concepts, Cutting-Edge Technologies, and Applications

The book provides in-depth coverage of the major hazardous heavy metals that are found in water, land, and facilities and that have significant effects on public health and the environment. After an overview of heavy metal contamination, the text reviews the concepts and technologies of pollution prevention. It then examines technologies for metal decontamination, ranging from precipitation--which is the most commonly used--to cutting-edge technologies such as precipitation-crystallization, ion exchange, membrane filtration, and electrolysis. Mathematical models for metal removal and recovery are also included.

Develop a Feasible Total Heavy Metal Control Program

Complementing other books in the Advances in Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment series, this volume presents important research related to the remediation of heavy metals. Extensive references are included for readers who want to trace, duplicate, or improve on a specific industrial hazardous waste treatment practice. A comprehensive handbook for environmental professionals, researchers, and students, it provides technical information to help readers develop a feasible total metal control program that can benefit both industry and local municipalities.

Author Notes

Dr. J. Paul Chen is an associate professor of environmental engineering at the National University of Singapore. His research interests are physicochemical treatment of water and wastewater and modeling. He has published more than 100 journal papers and book chapters with a citation count of more than 2,500 and an H-index of 28. Professor Chen is also the co-editor of Heavy Metals in the Environment (CRC Press, 2009). He holds seven patents in the areas of sorption technologies, ballast water management, and exhaust gas treatment. Professor Chen has received various honors and awards, including guest professor of the Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology and Shandong University of China, and Distinguished Overseas Chinese Young Scholar of National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has been recognized as an author of highly cited papers (chemistry and engineering) of ISI Web of Knowledge. Professor Chen received his master's in engineering from the Tsinghua University of Beijing and his Ph.D. from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.

Preface	p. xv
Author	p. xvii
1 Occurrence and Importance of Heavy Metal Contamination	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Economy and Metals	p. 3
1.3 Environmental Importance	p. 5
1.3.1 Essential Light Metals	p. 6
1.3.2 Essential Heavy Metals	p. 7
1.3.3 Toxic Heavy Metals	p. 8
1.4 Toxicity of Heavy Metals	p. 10
1.5 Guidelines and Standards for Heavy Metals in Drinking Water	p. 10
1.6 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination	p. 13
1.6.1 Natural Sources	p. 13
1.6.2 Industrial Sources	p. 14
1.6.3 Domestic Sources	p. 15
1.6.4 Atmospheric Sources	p. 15
1.7 Important Heavy Metals	p. 15
1.7.1 Arsenic	p. 15
1.7.2 Cadmium	p. 18
1.7.3 Chromium	p. 19
1.7.4 Copper	p. 21
1.7.5 Lead	p. 22
1.7.6 Mercury	p. 24
1.7.7 Molybdenum	p. 25
1.7.8 Nickel	p. 25
1.7.9 Selenium	p. 26
1.7.10 Silver	p. 26
1.7.11 Zinc	p. 26
References	p. 26
2 Pollution Prevention: Principles and Applications	p. 29
2.1 Introduction	p. 29
2.2 Motivation and Concept of P2	p. 31
2.2.1 Motivation	p. 31
2.2.2 Principles	p. 32
2.2.3 Concepts	p. 32
2.3 P2 Laws and Regulations	p. 33
2.4 P2 Technologies	p. 38
2.5 P2 Benefits	p. 39
2.6 Pollution Prevention Feasibility	p. 40
2.6.1 Technical Feasibility	p. 40
2.6.2 Environmental Feasibility	p. 41
2.6.3 Economic Feasibility	p. 43
2.7 P2 Implementation and Revision	p. 44
2.7.1 Project Implementation	p. 44
2.7.2 Review and Revision of Project	p. 45
2.8 Key Points in P2 Applications	p. 45
2.8.1 Material Handling and Storage	p. 45
2.8.2 Process Modification	p. 46
2.8.2.1 Process Variable Controls	p. 46
2.8.2.2 Replacement with Cleaning Processes	p. 46
2.8.2.3 Chemical Catalysts	p. 47
2.8.2.4 Segregation and Separation	p. 47
2.8.3 In-Process Recycling	p. 47
2.8.4 Materials and Product Substitutions	p. 48
2.8.4.1 Materials Substitution	p. 48
2.8.4.2 Product Substitution	p. 48
2.8.5 Materials Separation	p. 49
2.9 Case Studies	p. 50
2.9.1 33/50 Program	p. 50
2.9.2 Water Reduction in Pulp Mill	p. 50
2.9.3 P2 Plan in LBNL	p. 50
References	p. 51
3 Precipitation Technology	p. 53
3.1 Introduction	p. 53
3.2 Theory	p. 54
3.2.1 Calculation of Precipitation Reaction	p. 54
3.2.2 Typical Treatment Reagents	p. 63
3.2.2.1 Hydroxide	p. 63
3.2.2.2 Carbonate	p. 64
3.2.2.3 Sulfide	p. 65
3.2.3 Important Operational Parameters	p. 67
3.2.4 Treatability of Individual Metals	p. 70
3.2.4.1 Arsenic	p. 70
3.2.4.2 Cadmium	p. 72
3.2.4.3 Chromium	p. 73
3.2.4.4 Copper	p. 74
3.2.4.5 Nickel	p. 74
3.2.4.6 Mercury	p. 74
3.2.4.7 Lead	p. 74
3.3 Pretreatment	p. 74
3.4 Posttreatment	p. 75
3.5 Key Devices in Pre- and Posttreatment Steps	p. 75
3.5.1 Coagulation and Flocculation	p. 75
3.5.2 Sedimentation	p. 76
3.5.3 Filtration	p. 81
3.5.4 Dissolved Air Flotation	p. 82
3.5.5 Sludge Thickening and Dewatering	p. 82
3.5.5.1 Pressure Filter	p. 84
3.5.5.2 Vacuum Filter	p. 84
3.5.5.3 Compression Filter	p. 85
3.5.5.4 Centrifuge Device	p. 85
3.6 Case Studies	p. 85
3.6.1 Treatment of Heavy Metals in Wastewater from Electroplating Operation	p. 85
3.6.2 Metal Removal by Insoluble Sulfide Precipitation	p. 87
3.6.3 Hybrid System for Metal Removal	p. 88
3.6.4 Segregated Treatment of Difficult-To-Treat Metal	p. 89
3.6.5 Treatment of Arsenic by Precipitation-Coagulation	p. 90
3.7 Limitations and Solutions	p. 91
3.7.1 Presence of Chelating Agents	p. 91
3.7.2 Production of Solids	p. 92
3.7.3 Importance of Process Control	p. 93
References	p. 93
4 Precipitation-Crystallization Technology	p. 95
4.1 Introduction	p. 95
4.2 Description of Technology	p. 96
4.3 Theoretical Background	p. 97
4.3.1 Surface Precipitation	p. 97
4.3.2 Crystallization Kinetics	p. 98
4.3.2.1 Crystal Nucleation	p. 100
4.3.2.2 Crystal Growth	p. 100
4.3.2.3 Secondary Changes	p. 100
4.3.3 Degree of Crystal Dispersion	p. 101
4.4 Important Control Factors	p. 101
4.4.1 Total Carbon Concentration versus Metal Concentration	p. 103
4.4.2 Start-Up of the System	p. 103
4.4.3 Recycle Ratio and Hydraulic Loading	p. 105
4.4.4 pH Effect	p. 107
4.4.5 Lead Loading and Supersaturation	p. 107
4.4.6 Bed Height	p. 108
4.4.7 Properties of Sand Grains and Suspended Solids	p. 110
4.4.7.1 Metal Contents on Sand Grains	p. 111
4.4.7.2 Microscopic Examination of Lead-Coated Sand Grains	p. 111
4.4.7.3 Suspended Solids in FBR	p. 111
4.5 Case Studies	p. 112
4.5.1 Recovery of Silver	p. 112
4.5.2 Recovery of Ni-Bearing Electroplating Wastewater	p. 112
4.5.3 Removal of Iron from Acid Mine Drainage	p. 112
4.5.4 Removal of Multispecies Heavy Metals	p. 113
4.5.5 Removal of Phosphate	p. 116
4.5.6 Copper Removal and Recovery	p. 117
4.5.7 Fluoride Removal and Recovery	p. 118
4.5.8 Arsenic Removal	p. 120
References	p. 123
5 Reduction-Oxidation Processes	p. 125
5.1 Introduction	p. 125
5.2 Chemical-Induced Reduction Processes	p. 140
5.2.1 Sodium Borohydride	p. 140
5.2.2 Hydrazine	p. 141
5.2.2.1 Effect of pH	p. 143
5.2.2.2 Effect of Humic Acid	p. 147
5.2.2.3 Effect of DO	p. 148
5.2.2.4 Competition in Metal Reduction	p. 149
5.2.2.5 Effect of Seeding and Aging Process	p. 150
5.2.3 HCHO	p. 153
5.2.4 Iron	p. 153
5.2.5 Other Reducing Reagents	p. 155
5.3 Biological Reduction of Metal Sulfate	p. 156
5.3.1 Importance of Sulfate Removal	p. 156
5.3.2 Mechanisms and Controlling Factors	p. 157
5.3.2.1 Thermodynamics	p. 162
5.3.2.2 Type of Electron Donors	p. 165
5.3.2.3 Kinetics	p. 172
5.3.3 Bioreactors	p. 172
5.4 Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium	p. 175
5.4.1 Solution Chemistry of Chromium	p. 175
5.4.1.1 Hexavalent Chromium	p. 175
5.4.1.2 Trivalent Chromium	p. 176
5.4.2 Activated Sludge Process	p. 176
5.4.3 Membrane Bioreactor	p. 178
5.4.3.1 Effect of Metal on Membrane Flux	p. 179
5.4.3.2 Effect of Metal on Sludge Production	p. 181
5.4.3.3 Effect of Metal on Carbonaceous Pollutant Removal	p. 181
5.4.3.4 Effect of Metal on Removal of Nutrient	p. 184
5.4.4 Inactive Biomass	p. 192
5.5 Reduction and Oxidation of Arsenic Species	p. 200
5.5.1 Oxidation	p. 200
5.5.1.1 Chemical Oxidation	p. 201
5.5.1.2 Catalytic Oxidation	p. 203
5.5.1.3 Biological Oxidation	p. 206
5.5.2 Reduction	p. 207
References	p. 208
6 Electrochemical Technologies for Heavy Metal Decontamination	p. 215
6.1 Introduction	p. 215
6.2 Electrodeposition Technology	p. 216
6.2.1 Typical Reaction at Electrodes	p. 216
6.2.1.1 Reduction Reactions at Cathode	p. 216
6.2.1.2 Oxidation Reactions at Anode	p. 217
6.2.2 Factors Affecting Electrodeposition	p. 217
6.2.2.1 Effect of Initial Concentration	p. 218
6.2.2.2 Effect of Distance between Electrodes	p. 220
6.2.2.3 Effect of Mixing	p. 220
6.2.2.4 Effect of HA	p. 220
6.2.2.5 Effect of EDTA	p. 223
6.2.2.6 Effect of Ionic Strength	p. 225
6.2.3 Recovery of Multicomponent Metal Ions	p. 227
6.2.4 Industrial Application	p. 230
6.3 Electrocoagulation and Electroflotation	p. 232
6.3.1 Electrocoagulation	p. 232
6.3.1.1 Conventional Coagulation	p. 232
6.3.1.2 Definition of EC	p. 233
6.3.1.3 Typical Electrode Connection	p. 233
6.3.1.4 Electrode Reactions	p. 234
6.3.1.5 Factors Influencing EC	p. 234
6.3.2 Electroflotation	p. 235
6.3.2.1 Selection of Electrodes	p. 236
6.3.2.2 Typical EF Cell	p. 236
6.3.2.3 Factors Affecting EF	p. 237
6.3.3 Combination of EC and EF	p. 237
6.3.3.1 Introduction	p. 237
6.3.3.2 Electrodes	p. 238
6.3.3.3 Cell Arrangements	p. 239
6.3.4 Case Studies	p. 241
6.3.4.1 Copper Removal	p. 241
6.3.4.2 Zinc Removal	p. 242
6.3.4.3 Chromium Removal	p. 245
6.3.4.4 Cadmium Removal	p. 248
6.3.4.5 Removal of Heavy Metals from Saline Leachate	p. 248
6.3.4.6 Nickel and Zinc Removal	p. 248
6.3.4.7 Arsenic Removal	p. 249
6.3.4.8 A Hybrid EC/EF-Membrane Process	p. 249
References	p. 251
7 Adsorption: Materials, Chemistry, and Applications	p. 255
7.1 Introduction	p. 255
7.2 Activated Carbon	p. 257
7.2.1 Surface Properties	p. 257
7.2.2 Effect of pH	p. 261
7.2.3 Types of Metal Ions	p. 263
7.2.4 Effect of Ionic Strength	p. 265
7.2.5 Effect of Background Electrolyte	p. 267
7.2.6 Effect of Initial Concentration and Dosage	p. 268
7.2.7 Adsorption Isotherm	p. 269
7.2.8 Presence of Industrial Orgànic Matters	p. 269
7.2.9 Effect of Natural Organic Matters	p. 278
7.2.10 Effect of Surfactant	p. 286
7.2.11 Effect of Competing Ions	p. 291
7.2.12 Temperature Effect	p. 293
7.2.13 Effect of Carbon Type	p. 294
7.2.14 Modification of Activated Carbon	p. 295
7.2.14.1 Chemical Approaches	p. 296
7.2.14.2 Physical Approaches	p. 296
7.2.14.3 Metal Performance of Modified Activated Carbons	p. 297
7.3 Biosorbents	p. 303
7.3.1 Preparation of Biosorbents	p. 303
7.3.2 Biosorption Chemistry	p. 313
7.3.3 Biosorption Performance	p. 315
7.4 Metal Oxide	p. 328
7.5 Adsorption Treatment System	p. 338
7.5.1 Fluidized Bed Reactor	p. 338
7.5.2 Stirred Tank Reactor	p. 338
7.5.3 Fixed-Bed Reactor	p. 339
References	p. 341
8 Calculation of Metal Ion Uptake in Environmental Systems	p. 353
8.1 Sorption Reaction	p. 353
8.1.1 Langmuir Equation	p. 354
8.1.2 Freundlich Equation	p. 361
8.1.3 Sips Model	p. 362
8.1.4 Dubinin-Raduskevich Adsorption Model	p. 362
8.1.5 Redlich-Peterson Model	p. 363
8.1.6 Toth Model	p. 363

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Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents