Title:
Flight mechanics modeling and analysis
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2009
Physical Description:
xx, 416 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9781420067538
Added Author:
Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010175506 | TL589.4 R36 2009 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
The design, development, analysis, and evaluation of new aircraft technologies such as fly by wire, unmanned aerial vehicles, and micro air vehicles, necessitate a better understanding of flight mechanics on the part of the aircraft-systems analyst. A text that provides unified coverage of aircraft flight mechanics and systems concept will go a long way to making analysis of these new technologies quicker and easier.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Authors | p. xix |
Chapter 1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 ANNs in Control | p. 4 |
1.2 FL/S in Control | p. 5 |
1.3 Evaluation of Aircraft Control-Pilot Interactions | p. 6 |
1.4 Chapter Highlights | p. 7 |
References | p. 9 |
Chapter 2 Mathematical Model Building | p. 11 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 11 |
2.2 Mathematical Model Structures | p. 15 |
2.2.1 TF Models | p. 16 |
2.2.1.1 Continuous-Time Model | p. 17 |
2.2.1.2 Discrete-Time Model | p. 22 |
2.2.1.3 Delta Form TF | p. 23 |
2.2.2 State-Space Models | p. 26 |
2.2.2.1 State-Space Representations | p. 28 |
2.2.2.2 General Model | p. 33 |
2.2.3 Time-Series Models | p. 34 |
2.3 Models for Noise/Error Processes | p. 37 |
2.3.1 Continuous-Time/Discrete-Time White/Correlated Noise Processes | p. 37 |
2.4 ANN Modeling | p. 38 |
2.4.1 Feed Forward Neural Networks | p. 42 |
2.4.2 A Training Algorithm for FFNN | p. 42 |
2.4.3 Recurrent Neural Networks | p. 44 |
2.5 FL-Based Modeling | p. 45 |
2.5.1 Additive Fuzzy System | p. 46 |
Epilogue | p. 50 |
Exercises | p. 50 |
References | p. 51 |
Chapter 3 Equations of Motion | p. 53 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 53 |
3.2 Rigid Body EOM | p. 54 |
3.3 Resolution of Inertial Forces and Moments | p. 60 |
3.4 Resolution of Aerodynamics, Gravity Forces, and Thrust Forces | p. 62 |
3.5 Complete Sets of EOM | p. 67 |
3.5.1 Rectangular Form | p. 68 |
3.5.2 Polar Form | p. 69 |
3.6 Missile Dynamic Equations | p. 71 |
3.7 Rotorcraft Dynamics | p. 72 |
3.7.1 Momentum Theory | p. 74 |
3.7.2 Blade-Element Theory | p. 76 |
3.7.3 Rotorcraft Modeling Formulations | p. 76 |
3.7.4 Limitations of Rigid Body Model | p. 78 |
Epilogue | p. 79 |
Exercises | p. 79 |
References | p. 80 |
Chapter 4 Aerodynamic Derivatives and Modeling | p. 83 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 83 |
4.2 Basic Aerodynamic Forces and Moments | p. 84 |
4.3 Aerodynamic Parameters | p. 86 |
4.3.1 Definition of Aerodynamic Derivatives | p. 87 |
4.3.2 Longitudinal Derivatives | p. 90 |
4.3.3 Lateral-Directional Derivatives | p. 100 |
4.3.4 Compound Lateral-Directional Derivatives | p. 106 |
4.4 Missile Aerodynamic Derivatives | p. 107 |
4.4.1 Longitudinal Derivatives | p. 109 |
4.4.2 Lateral-Directional Derivatives | p. 109 |
4.4.2.1 Roll Derivatives | p. 109 |
4.4.2.2 Yaw Derivatives | p. 110 |
4.5 Rotorcraft Aerodynamic Derivatives | p. 111 |
4.6 Role of Derivatives in Aircraft Design Cycle and Flight Control Law Development | p. 113 |
4.7 Aircraft Aerodynamic Models | p. 116 |
Epilogue | p. 118 |
Exercises | p. 118 |
References | p. 119 |
Chapter 5 Simplification of Equations of Motion and Transfer-Function Analysis | p. 121 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 121 |
5.2 Strategies for Simplification | p. 122 |
5.2.1 Choice of Coordinate Systems | p. 122 |
5.2.2 Linearization of Model Equations | p. 123 |
5.2.3 Simplification Using Measured Data | p. 124 |
5.3 Longitudinal Models and Modes | p. 125 |
5.3.1 Short Period Mode | p. 128 |
5.3.2 Phugoid | p. 133 |
5.4 Lateral-Directional Models and Modes | p. 136 |
5.4.1 DR Mode | p. 137 |
5.4.2 Spiral Mode | p. 139 |
5.4.3 Roll Mode | p. 140 |
5.5 Missile Aerodynamic Transfer Functions | p. 142 |
5.6 Rotorcraft Linear Modeling | p. 145 |
5.6.1 Rotor Plus Body Models | p. 146 |
5.6.2 Stability Derivative Models | p. 147 |
5.6.3 Rotor-Response Decomposition Models | p. 148 |
5.6.4 Evaluation/Validation of Linear Flight Dynamics Models | p. 149 |
5.7 UAV Dynamics | p. 150 |
5.8 MAV Dynamics | p. 151 |
5.9 Lighter-than-Air Vehicle/BLIMP Dynamics | p. 153 |
Epilogue | p. 154 |
Exercises | p. 155 |
References | p. 156 |
Chapter 6 Simulation of Flight Dynamics | p. 159 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 159 |
6.2 Aircraft Subsystems Data/Models | p. 163 |
6.2.1 Aero Database | p. 164 |
6.2.2 Mass, Inertia, and Center of Gravity Characteristics | p. 164 |
6.2.3 Instrumentation System | p. 165 |
6.2.4 Inertial Navigation System | p. 165 |
6.2.5 Flight Management System | p. 165 |
6.2.6 Actuator Models | p. 166 |
6.2.7 Engine Model | p. 167 |
6.2.8 Landing Gear | p. 168 |
6.2.9 Control Loading and Sound Simulation | p. 168 |
6.2.10 Motion Cues | p. 169 |
6.2.11 Turbulence and Gust Models | p. 170 |
6.2.12 Sensor Modeling | p. 170 |
6.2.13 Flight Dynamics | p. 171 |
6.3 Steady-State Flight and Trim Conditions | p. 171 |
6.3.1 Rate of Climb and Turn Coordination Flights | p. 174 |
6.3.2 Computation of Linear Models for Control Law Design | p. 176 |
6.4 Six DOF Simulation and Validation | p. 178 |
6.4.1 Flight Simulation Model Validation for a Rotorcraft | p. 180 |
6.4.2 Flight Simulation Model Validation Using the Concept of Coefficient Matching | p. 181 |
6.4.3 Flight Simulation Model Validation Using Direct Update | p. 183 |
6.5 PC MATLAB/SIMULINK-Based Simulation | p. 184 |
Epilogue | p. 188 |
Exercises | p. 189 |
References | p. 190 |
Chapter 7 Flight Test Maneuvers and Database Management | p. 193 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 193 |
7.2 Planning of Flight Test Maneuvers | p. 194 |
7.2.1 Flight Test Evaluation of a Transport Aircraft | p. 196 |
7.2.2 Takeoff and Landing Tasks | p. 196 |
7.2.2.1 Approach and Landing Task | p. 196 |
7.2.2.2 Takeoff Task | p. 197 |
7.2.3 Other Maneuvers | p. 198 |
7.3 Specific Flight Test Data Generation and Analysis Aspects | p. 198 |
7.3.1 Longitudinal Axis Data Generation | p. 199 |
7.3.2 LD Data Generation | p. 201 |
7.4 Quality of Flight Test Maneuvers | p. 201 |
7.5 Input Signals for Exciting Maneuvers | p. 202 |
7.5.1 Design Consideration for Input Signals | p. 202 |
7.5.2 Specific Input Types | p. 204 |
7.6 Specific Maneuvers for Aerodynamic Modeling | p. 204 |
7.6.1 Small Amplitude Maneuvers | p. 204 |
7.6.1.1 Longitudinal Short-Period Maneuver | p. 205 |
7.6.1.2 Phugoid Maneuver | p. 205 |
7.6.1.3 Thrust Input Maneuver | p. 205 |
7.6.1.4 Flaps Input Maneuver | p. 205 |
7.6.1.5 LD Maneuvers | p. 206 |
7.6.1.6 Aileron Input Roll Maneuver | p. 207 |
7.6.1.7 Rudder Input Maneuver | p. 208 |
7.6.1.8 DR Maneuver | p. 208 |
7.6.1.9 Steady Heading Sideslip Maneuver | p. 208 |
7.6.2 Large Amplitude Maneuvers | p. 208 |
7.7 Specific Dynamic Maneuvers for Determination of Drag Polars | p. 211 |
7.7.1 Roller Coaster (Pullup/Pushover) Maneuver | p. 213 |
7.7.2 SD Maneuver | p. 213 |
7.7.3 Acceleration and Deceleration Maneuver | p. 213 |
7.7.4 WUT Maneuver | p. 214 |
7.8 Specific Maneuvers for Rotorcraft | p. 217 |
7.9 Flight Test Database Management | p. 219 |
7.9.1 Basic Requirements | p. 220 |
7.9.2 Selection and Classification of Flight Data | p. 220 |
7.9.2.1 Classification Based on Type of Maneuvers | p. 220 |
7.9.2.2 Classification Based on Flight Conditions | p. 221 |
7.9.2.3 Classification Based on Aircraft Configuration | p. 221 |
7.9.3 Data Storage and Organization | p. 221 |
7.9.4 Flight Test Database in Oracle | p. 221 |
7.9.5 Brief Description of a Typical Program | p. 225 |
7.9.5.1 Transactions | p. 225 |
7.9.5.2 Graphs/Reports | p. 225 |
7.9.5.3 User Maintenance | p. 226 |
Epilogue | p. 226 |
Exercises | p. 226 |
References | p. 228 |
Chapter 8 Reconfiguration and Fuzzy Control Analysis | p. 229 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 229 |
8.2 Requirements of Flight Control | p. 229 |
8.3 Stability/Control Augmentation Strategies | p. 233 |
8.4 Performance Requirements and Criteria | p. 236 |
8.5 Procedure for the Design and Evaluation of Control Laws | p. 236 |
8.6 Fuzzy Logic Control | p. 238 |
8.7 Fault Detection, Identification, and Isolation | p. 246 |
8.7.1 Models for Faults | p. 246 |
8.8 Aircraft Reconfigurable/Restructurable Control System | p. 247 |
8.8.1 Sensor Fault Detection Scheme | p. 250 |
8.8.2 Actuator Fault Detection Scheme | p. 253 |
8.8.2.1 Reconfiguration Concept | p. 254 |
8.8.3 Non-Model-Based Approach | p. 256 |
Epilogue | p. 258 |
Exercises | p. 259 |
References | p. 260 |
Chapter 9 System Identification and Parameter Estimation | p. 263 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 263 |
9.2 System Identification | p. 266 |
9.2.1 Time-Series/Regression Model Identification | p. 266 |
9.2.2 Comparison of Several Model Order Criteria | p. 268 |
9.2.3 Transfer Function Models from Real-Flight Data | p. 271 |
9.2.4 Expert Systems for System Identification | p. 272 |
9.3 Aircraft Parameter Estimation | p. 272 |
9.3.1 Maneuvers, Measurements, and Mathematical Models | p. 273 |
9.3.2 Parameter-Estimation Methods | p. 274 |
9.3.2.1 Equation Error Method | p. 274 |
9.3.2.2 Maximum Likelihood/OEM | p. 275 |
9.3.2.3 Filtering Methods | p. 279 |
9.3.2.4 Parameter-Estimation Approaches for Inherently Unstable/Augmented Aircraft | p. 282 |
9.4 Determination of Stability and Control Derivatives from Flight Data-Case Studies | p. 283 |
9.4.1 Fighter Aircraft FA1 | p. 284 |
9.4.2 Fighter Aircraft FA2 | p. 285 |
9.4.3 Basic and Modified Transport Aircraft | p. 285 |
9.4.4 Trainer Aircraft | p. 287 |
9.4.5 Light Canard Research Aircraft | p. 288 |
9.4.6 Helicopter | p. 288 |
9.4.7 AGARD Standard Model | p. 290 |
9.4.8 Dynamic Wind-Tunnel Experiments | p. 290 |
9.4.9 Iron Bird Results | p. 291 |
9.5 Approaches for Determination of Drag Polars from Flight Data | p. 292 |
9.5.1 Model-Based Approach for Determination of Drag Polar | p. 293 |
9.5.2 Non-Model-Based Approach for Drag Polar Determination | p. 293 |
9.6 Analysis of Large Amplitude Maneuver Data | p. 294 |
9.7 Global Nonlinear Analytical Modeling | p. 296 |
9.8 ANN-Based Parameter Estimation | p. 298 |
9.8.1 FFNN Scheme | p. 299 |
9.8.2 RNN for Parameter Estimation | p. 300 |
9.9 Fuzzy Logic-Based Methods for Estimation | p. 303 |
9.9.1 ANFIS for Parameter Estimation | p. 303 |
9.9.2 Fuzzy Kalman Filter for State Estimation | p. 305 |
9.9.2.1 Tracking of Maneuvering Target | p. 309 |
9.10 Derivative-Free Kalman Filter for State Estimation | p. 311 |
Epilogue | p. 317 |
Exercises | p. 317 |
References | p. 319 |
Chapter 10 Handling Qualities Analysis | p. 323 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 323 |
10.2 Pilot Opinion Rating | p. 323 |
10.3 Human Operator Modeling | p. 324 |
10.3.1 Motion Plus Visual and Only Visual Cue Experiments | p. 325 |
10.4 Handling Qualities Criteria | p. 328 |
10.4.1 Longitudinal HQ Criteria | p. 329 |
10.4.1.1 Lower-Order Equivalent TF | p. 329 |
10.4.1.2 Control Anticipation Parameter | p. 329 |
10.4.1.3 Bandwidth Criterion | p. 331 |
10.4.1.4 Neal-Smith Criterion | p. 331 |
10.4.1.5 Closed Loop Criterion | p. 332 |
10.4.1.6 Pitch Rate Response | p. 332 |
10.4.1.7 C* Criterion | p. 332 |
10.4.1.8 Gibson's Criteria | p. 333 |
10.4.2 Lateral-Directional HQ Criteria | p. 334 |
10.4.2.1 Lower-Order Equivalent TF | p. 334 |
10.4.2.2 Roll Angle-Sideslip Mode Ratio | p. 334 |
10.4.2.3 LD Modes | p. 334 |
10.4.2.4 Roll Rate and Bank Angle Oscillations | p. 335 |
10.4.2.5 Roll Performance | p. 336 |
10.4.2.6 Sideslip Excursions | p. 337 |
10.5 Evaluation of HQ Criteria | p. 337 |
10.5.1 HQ for Large Transport Aircraft | p. 337 |
10.5.2 Rotorcraft Handling Qualities | p. 338 |
10.5.3 Handling Qualities Analysis Tool | p. 340 |
10.5.3.1 Hover and Low-Speed Requirements (HLSR)-Pitch Axis Response Criteria | p. 341 |
10.5.3.2 HLSR-Roll Axis Response Criteria | p. 341 |
10.5.3.3 HLSR-Yaw Axis Response Criteria | p. 343 |
10.5.3.4 HLSR-Heave Axis Response Criteria | p. 343 |
10.6 HQ Aspects for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles | p. 343 |
10.7 Pilot-Aircraft Interactions | p. 345 |
10.7.1 Longitudinal PIO Criteria | p. 345 |
10.7.1.1 Ralph-Smith Criterion | p. 346 |
10.7.1.2 Smith-Geddes Criterion | p. 346 |
10.7.1.3 Phase Rate Criterion | p. 346 |
10.7.1.4 Loop Separation Parameter | p. 347 |
10.7.1.5 Neal-Smith Time-Domain Criterion | p. 347 |
10.7.1.6 Bandwidth PIO Criterion | p. 347 |
10.7.2 Lateral PIO Criteria | p. 347 |
10.7.2.1 Ralph-Smith | p. 348 |
10.7.2.2 Phase Rate | p. 348 |
10.8 Model Order Reduction for Evaluations of HQ | p. 348 |
Epilogue | p. 349 |
Exercises | p. 349 |
References | p. 350 |
Appendix A Aerodynamics and Related Concepts | p. 353 |
Appendix B Statistics and Probability | p. 383 |
Appendix C Signal and Systems Concepts | p. 391 |
Bibliography | p. 407 |
Index | p. 409 |