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Searching... | 30000010256945 | TN870.57 D581 2010 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
Existing views on geodynamics (recharge, migration, discharge) of uids at deep layers of petroliferous basins are summarized. The in ltration and elision th- ries explaining development of uid pressures in deep formations are called into question based on quantitative estimates available for some artesian (petroliferous) basins. Using the West Siberian, Pechora, Terek-Kuma, Bukhara-Karshi, and other petroliferous basins as examples, the stratum-block structure of deep formations is substantiated for strati ed systems of platform in inter- and intramontane depr- sions. It is shown that petroliferous reservoirs at great depths are characterized, regardless of lithology, by largely ssure-related capacity and permeability (clayey rocks included) changeable in space and through geological time. Much attention is paid to development of abnormally high formation pressures. Peculiarities in heat and mass transfer at deep levels are considered for different regions. The energetic formation model substantiated for deep uids explains different anomalies (baric, thermal, hydrogeochemical, mineralogical, and others) at deep levels of platforms. Based on hydrogeodynamic considerations, the theory of oil origin and formation of hydrocarbon elds is proposed. The book is of interest for oilmen, hydrogeo- gists, geologists, and specialists dealing with prospecting of petroliferous deposits as well as industrial, mineral, and thermal waters in deep formations of strati ed sedimentary basins. vii Contents 1 Existing Views on Fluidodynamics in Petroliferous Formations . . 1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 Investigation Methods of Deep Fluidodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. 1 Methods of Formation Pressure Reducing . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. 2 Assessment of Directions of Density-Variable Fluid Flows by the "Filtration Force" Method . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table of Contents
1 Existing Views on Fluidodynamics in Petroliferous Formations | p. 1 |
References | p. 1 |
2 Investigation Methods of Deep Fluidodynamics | p. 15 |
2.1 Methods of Formation Pressure Reducing | p. 16 |
2.2 Assessment of Directions of Density-Variable Fluid Flows by the "Filtration Force" Method | p. 25 |
2.3 The Direct Method of Assessing Density-Variable Deep Fluid Flow Directions | p. 26 |
2.4 Modeling Methods in the Studies of Deep Fluid Flows | p. 27 |
2.5 Compilation Methods of Regional Potentiometric Maps for Petroliferous Formations | p. 30 |
2.6 Methods of Compiling Hydrogeodynamic Maps | p. 33 |
2.7 Investigation Methods of Temperature and Concentration Fields | p. 34 |
References | p. 35 |
3 Role of Regional Infiltration Recharge Sources in the Formation of Deep Fluids and Petroliferous Basin Hydrodynamic Zoning | p. 37 |
3.1 Role of Petroliferous Basin Periphery in Recharge of Deep Fluids | p. 37 |
3.2 Hydrodynamic Zones in Petroliferous Basins | p. 41 |
References | p. 45 |
4 Elision Recharge and Paleomigration of Deep Fluids | p. 47 |
References | p. 56 |
5 Genesis of Abnormally High Formation Pressures | p. 59 |
5.1 The Relaxation Period of Abnormally High Formation Pressures | p. 61 |
5.2 Possibilities for Development of Fluidodynamic Horizontal Boundaries in Clayey Sequences | p. 63 |
5.2.1 Variant 1 | p. 67 |
5.2.2 Variant 2 | p. 67 |
5.2.3 Variant 3 | p. 69 |
5.2.4 Variant 4 | p. 69 |
5.2.5 Variant 5 | p. 69 |
5.2.6 Variant 6 | p. 69 |
5.2.7 Variant 7 | p. 70 |
5.3 Main Factors and Processes Responsible for Development of Abnormally High Formation Pressures | p. 72 |
5.3.1 Elision Processes | p. 72 |
5.3.2 Dehydration of Clay Minerals | p. 73 |
5.3.3 Tectonic Forces (External Factor) | p. 74 |
5.3.4 Additional Recharge | p. 81 |
5.3.5 Catagenetic Processes | p. 83 |
5.3.6 Chemical Processes | p. 84 |
5.3.7 Temperature Changes | p. 84 |
References | p. 87 |
6 Development of Filtration Properties in Deep Formations of Petroliferous Basinsh | p. 89 |
6.1 Development of Reservoir Properties in Terrigenous Formations | p. 90 |
6.1.1 Sedimentation Settings | p. 90 |
6.1.2 Catagenetic Rock Transformations | p. 94 |
6.1.3 Compaction | p. 94 |
6.1.4 Dissolution | p. 97 |
6.1.5 Cementation | p. 99 |
6.1.6 Tectonics | p. 105 |
6.1.7 Hydraulic Fracturing | p. 106 |
6.2 Development of Reservoir Properties in Carbonate Rocks | p. 108 |
6.2.1 Compaction | p. 109 |
6.3 Formation of Clayey Reservoirs | p. 112 |
6.3.1 Geostatic Compaction | p. 113 |
6.3.2 Temperature and Mineralization | p. 113 |
6.3.3 Mineralogical Composition of Clayey Rocks | p. 115 |
6.4 Permeability of Saliferous Rocks | p. 126 |
6.5 Conclusions | p. 127 |
References | p. 128 |
7 Fluidodynamics in Deep Formations of the West Siberian Petroliferous Basin | p. 131 |
7.1 Geological and Tectonic Structure | p. 131 |
7.1.1 Lower-Middle Jurassic Complex (J 1-2 ) | p. 131 |
7.1.2 Upper Jurassic-Lower Valanginian Complex (J 3 -K 1 v) | p. 133 |
7.1.3 Lower Cretaceous-Cenomanian Complex (K 1 a-K 2 sm) | p. 133 |
7.1.4 Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene Complex (K 2 -P) | p. 134 |
7.1.5 Paleogene-Quaternary Complex (P-Q) | p. 134 |
7.1.6 Tectonics | p. 134 |
7.2 Hydrogeological Conditions of the Basin | p. 137 |
7.2.1 Aptian-Cenomanian Aquifer (K 1 a-K 2 sm) | p. 137 |
7.2.2 Neocomian Petroliferous Complex (K 1 v-b) | p. 138 |
7.2.3 Lower-Middle Jurassic Petroliferous Complex (J 1-2 ) | p. 139 |
7.3 Some Peculiarities in Filtration Properties of Rocks | p. 141 |
7.4 Influence of Peripheral Areas of the Basin on Fluidodynamics in Petroliferous Formations | p. 147 |
7.4.1 Characteristic of Areas Providing Recent Infiltration Recharge of Deep Fluids | p. 147 |
7.4.2 Characteristic of Present-Day Deep, Fluid Discharge Areas | p. 150 |
7.4.3 Discharge Stimulated by Recovery of the Lower Hydrogeological Stage Due to Erosion | p. 152 |
7.4.4 Discharge Along Tectonic Fractures and Brecciation Zones | p. 154 |
7.4.5 Discharge in the Form of Ascending Migration of Deep Fluids Through Low-Permeability Rocks | p. 154 |
7.5 Influence of the Elision Recharge on Formation Pressures at Deep Levels | p. 160 |
7.6 Fluidodynamics of Deep Formations in Central Areas of the Basin | p. 165 |
7.6.1 Salym Field | p. 166 |
7.6.2 Western Surgut Field | p. 170 |
7.6.3 Kharasavei Field | p. 174 |
7.6.4 Ust-Balyk Field | p. 176 |
7.7 Vertical Paleomigration of Deep Fluids | p. 180 |
7.8 Main Conclusions | p. 183 |
References | p. 183 |
8 Fluidodynamics in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formations of the Northern Pechora Petroliferous Basin | p. 187 |
8.1 Geological Structure | p. 187 |
8.1.1 Paleozoic Group (PZ) | p. 187 |
8.1.2 Cambrian System (C) | p. 187 |
8.1.3 Ordovician System (O) | p. 189 |
8.1.4 Silurian System (S) | p. 189 |
8.1.5 Devonian System (D) | p. 189 |
8.1.6 Carboniferous System (C) | p. 191 |
8.1.7 Permian System (P) | p. 191 |
8.1.8 Mesozoic Group (MZ) | p. 192 |
8.1.9 Triassic System (T) | p. 192 |
8.1.10 Jurassic System (J) | p. 193 |
8.1.11 Cretaceous System (K) | p. 193 |
8.1.12 Cenozoic Group (KZ) | p. 193 |
8.2 Tectonics | p. 194 |
8.3 Hydrogeological Conditions | p. 195 |
8.3.1 URper Jurassic-Cretaceous Confining Sequence (J 3 -K) | p. 196 |
8.3.2 Jurassic Aquifer (J) | p. 196 |
8.3.3 Upper Permian-Triassic Aquifer (P 2 -T) | p. 197 |
8.3.4 Lower Permian (Kungurian) Confining Sequence (P2kg) | p. 197 |
8.3.5 Upper Visean-Artinskian Aquifer (C 1 v 3 -P 1 ar) | p. 197 |
8.3.6 Visean Confining Sequence (C 1 v 1 ) | p. 198 |
8.3.7 UpperFrasnian-Tournaisian Complex (D 3 f 3 -C 1 t) | p. 198 |
8.3.8 Kynov-Sargaevo (Lower Frasnian) Confining Sequence (D 3 kn-sr) | p. 198 |
8.3.9 .Middle Devonian-Lower Frasnian Aquifer (D2-D3f1) | p. 199 |
8.3.10 Ordovician (Silurian)-Lower Devonian Aquifer (O-D 1 ) | p. 199 |
8.3.11 Vendian-Lower Cambrian Aquifer (V-C) | p. 200 |
8.3.12 Riphean Aquifer (R) | p. 200 |
8.4 Methods Used for the Analysis of Fluid Geodynamics in Deep Formations of the Pechora Petroliferous Basin | p. 200 |
8.5 Fluid Dynamics in Deep Formations of Individual Well-Studied Structures | p. 208 |
8.6 Regional Peculiarities of Fluidodynamics in the Pechora Petroliferous Basin | p. 210 |
8.6.1 Silurian-Lower Devonian Petroliferous Complex | p. 212 |
8.6.2 Upper Permian-Triassic Petroliferous Complex | p. 214 |
8.7 Abnormally High Formation Pressures in the Northern Pechora Petroliferous Basin | p. 215 |
8.8 The Temperature Field in Deep Formations | p. 218 |
8.9 Distribution of Deep Fluid Mineralization | p. 225 |
8.10 Typification of Hydrodynamic Blocks | p. 232 |
8.10.1 Blocks of the First Type | p. 233 |
8.10.2 Blocks of the Second Type | p. 234 |
8.10.3 Blocks of the Third Type | p. 235 |
8.10.4 Blocks of the Fourth Type | p. 235 |
8.10.5 Blocks of the Fifth Type | p. 236 |
8.10.6 Blocks of the Sixth Type | p. 236 |
8.11 Conclusions | p. 236 |
References | p. 237 |
9 Fluidodynamics in Deep Formations of the Eastern Ciscaucasia Petroliferous Basin | p. 239 |
9.1 Geological Structure | p. 239 |
9.1.1 The Jurassic System | p. 239 |
9.1.2 The Cretaceous System | p. 241 |
9.1.3 The Cenozoic Group | p. 241 |
9.1.4 The Quaternary System (Q) | p. 242 |
9.2 Tectonics | p. 242 |
9.3 Hydrogeological Conditions | p. 244 |
9.3.1 The Maikop Aquifer | p. 245 |
9.3.2 The Paleocene-Eocene Aquifer | p. 245 |
9.3.3 The Upper Cretaceous Petroliferous Complex | p. 246 |
9.3.4 The Lower Cretaceous Petroliferous Complex | p. 247 |
9.3.5 The Upper Jurassic Petroliferous Complex | p. 247 |
9.3.6 The Lower-Middle Jurassic Petroliferous Complex | p. 248 |
9.3.7 The Permian-Triassic Petroliferous Complex | p. 249 |
9.4 Influence of Peripheral Parts of the Basin on Fluidodynamics in Deep Petroliferous Complexes | p. 250 |
9.5 Influence of Elision Recharge on the Formation of Deep Fluid Pressures | p. 261 |
9.6 Local Fluidodynamics in Individual Structures of the Basin | p. 263 |
9.6.1 The Russkii Khutor Severnyi Settlement | p. 267 |
9.6.2 The Zapadno-Mekteb Field | p. 269 |
9.6.3 The Velichaevsk Area | p. 269 |
9.6.4 The Achikulak Area | p. 269 |
9.6.5 The Ozek-Suat Area | p. 272 |
9.7 Abnormally High Formation Pressures | p. 274 |
9.8 Regional Fluidodynamics in the Eastern Ciscaucasia Petroliferous Basin | p. 275 |
9.9 Conclusions | p. 286 |
References | p. 286 |
10 Fluidodynamics in Deep Formations of the Bukhara-Karshi Petroliferous Basin | p. 287 |
10.1 Stratigraphy | p. 287 |
10.1.1 Mesozoic Group (MZ) | p. 287 |
10.1.2 Cenozoic Group (KZ) | p. 289 |
10.2 Tectonics | p. 290 |
10.2.1 Bukhara Step | p. 290 |
10.2.2 Chardzhou Step | p. 291 |
10.3 Hydrogeological Conditions | p. 292 |
10.3.1 Turonian-Paleocene Petroliferous Complex | p. 292 |
10.3.2 Albian-Cenomanian Petroliferous Complex | p. 292 |
10.3.3 Jurassic Petroliferous Complex | p. 292 |
10.4 Influence of Peripheral Basin Areas on Fluidodynamics in Petroliferous Complexes | p. 293 |
10.4.1 Turonian-Paleocene Groundwater Complex | p. 293 |
10.4.2 Albian-Cenomanian Petroliferous Complex | p. 295 |
10.4.3 Jurassic Petroliferous Complex | p. 296 |
10.5 Local Fluidodynamics in Particular Basin Structures | p. 296 |
10.6 Abnormally High Formation Pressures | p. 298 |
10.7 Regional Fluidodynamic Features of the Basin | p. 303 |
10.7.1 Jurassic Petroliferous Complex | p. 303 |
10.7.2 Albian-Cenomanian Petroliferous Complex | p. 303 |
10.7.3 Turonian-Paleocene Petroliferous Complex | p. 303 |
10.7.4 Main Inferences | p. 304 |
References | p. 304 |
11 Heat and Mass Transfer in Deep Formations of Petroliferous Basins | p. 305 |
11.1 Palynological Analysis: Evidence for Vertical Migration of Deep Fluids | p. 305 |
11.2 Anomalies in Deep Formations and Vertical Ascending Migration of Deep Fluids | p. 307 |
11.3 Main Inferences | p. 316 |
References | p. 316 |
12 Genesis of Boundaries Forming the Stratum-Block Structure of Deep Formations in Petroliferous Basins | p. 319 |
References | p. 325 |
13 Principal Formation Model of Deep Fluids in Petroliferous Basins | p. 327 |
References | p. 341 |
14 Oil Origin and Formation of Hydrocarbon Accumulations | p. 343 |
14.1 Hydrogeological Aspects of Oil Origin and Formation of Hydrocarbon Fields | p. 344 |
14.2 Recent Hypotheses (Theories) of Oil Origin | p. 347 |
14.2.1 Sedimentary-Migratory Hypothesis | p. 347 |
14.2.2 Shortcomings of the Sedimentary-Migratory Oil Origin "Theory" | p. 351 |
14.2.3 Isotopic Composition of Gases | p. 353 |
14.2.4 Mineral (Inorganic) Theory | p. 357 |
14.2.5 Artificial Synthesis of Hydrocarbons | p. 360 |
14.2.6 Optical Properties of Oils | p. 360 |
14.2.7 The Mineral-Organic Hypothesis | p. 364 |
14.2.8 Subaqueous Hydrothermal Vents | p. 367 |
14.2.9 Hydrothermal Springs on Continents | p. 370 |
14.2.10 Hydrothermal Hydrocarbon Accumulations | p. 374 |
14.3 Principal Inferences | p. 375 |
References | p. 376 |
Conclusion | p. 381 |
Index | p. 387 |