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Summary
Summary
A review of all approaches to calculate aerodynamics, allowing engineers to see the pros and cons of each approach, and setting the stage for a semi-empirical approach. It contains many approximate aerodynamic methods, bringing together both linearized and nonlinear aerodynamic methods. Frankie G. Moore has had 30 years' experience in weapons development and seeks to bridge the gap between the academic textbook and practical application. Practising engineers should value the book's emphasis on understanding the physics involved, understanding the assumptions made to get to the approximate approaches, and on showing final equations used in the solution process.
Author Notes
Dr. Moore earned his degrees in Aerospace Engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He has over 30 years of weapons systems experience at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction | p. 1 |
I. Weapon System Aerodynamic Requirements | p. 2 |
II. Uses of and Methods to Obtain Aerodynamics | p. 7 |
III. Tradeoffs in Methods Selection | p. 10 |
IV. Book Outline | p. 17 |
References | p. 17 |
Chapter 2 Navier-Stokes and Euler Equations | p. 19 |
I. Continuum Flow Assumption | p. 20 |
II. Navier-Stokes Equations | p. 22 |
III. Euler Plus Boundary Layer Plus Base Drag | p. 27 |
IV. Numerical Flowfield Solutions | p. 33 |
References | p. 33 |
Chapter 3 Perturbation Methods | p. 35 |
I. Introduction | p. 38 |
II. Component Buildup of Aerodynamics | p. 40 |
III. Linearized Flow and Slender Body Assumptions | p. 41 |
IV. Hybrid Theory of Van Dyke | p. 52 |
V. Lifting Surface Theory | p. 57 |
VI. Three-Dimensional Thin Wing Theory | p. 64 |
A. Axial Force Wave Drag | p. 65 |
B. Wing Normal Force and Center of Pressure | p. 72 |
C. Transonic Flow | p. 79 |
VII. Roll Damping Moment | p. 80 |
A. Subsonic Flow (M[subscript infinity] [ M[subscript crit]) | p. 82 |
B. Supersonic Flow (M[subscript infinity] [greater than or equal] 1.2) | p. 83 |
C. Transonic Flow (M[subscript fb] [less than or equal] M[subscript infinity] [ 1.2) | p. 86 |
VIII. Pitch Damping Moment | p. 89 |
A. Subsonic Flow (M[subscript infinity] [ 0.8) | p. 90 |
B. Supersonic Flow (M[subscript infinity] [greater than or equal] 1.2) | p. 92 |
C. Transonic Flow (0.8 [less than or equal] M[subscript infinity] [ 1.2) | p. 95 |
IX. Interference Effects | p. 98 |
A. Wing-Body Interference | p. 98 |
B. Wing-Tail Interference | p. 103 |
References | p. 111 |
Chapter 4 Local Slope And Empirical Methods | p. 115 |
I. Tangent Wedge Method | p. 117 |
II. Tangent Cone Method | p. 119 |
III. Shock Expansion Theory | p. 123 |
IV. Newtonian Impact Theory | p. 132 |
V. Hybrid Theory of Van Dyke Plus Modified Newtonian Theory | p. 136 |
VI. Second-Order Shock Expansion Plus Modified Newtonian Theory | p. 140 |
VII. Skin Friction Drag | p. 143 |
VIII. Empirical Methods | p. 149 |
A. Transonic Wave Drag Prediction | p. 149 |
B. Viscous Separation and Rotating Band Drag | p. 151 |
C. Body-Alone Lift Properties for M[subscript infinity] [ 1.2 | p. 154 |
D. Wing-Alone Normal Force at Transonic Speeds | p. 157 |
E. Base Drag | p. 161 |
IX. Configuration Aerodynamics at Low Angle of Attack | p. 169 |
References | p. 179 |
Chapter 5 Nonlinear Aerodynamic Approximations | p. 183 |
I. Nonlinear Aerodynamics Phenomena | p. 186 |
II. Body-Alone Normal Force and Center of Pressure | p. 191 |
III. Wing-Alone Normal Force and Center of Pressure | p. 200 |
IV. Wing-Body and Body-Wing Interference Due to Angle of Attack | p. 209 |
V. Wing-Body and Body-Wing Interference Due to Control Deflection | p. 237 |
VI. Nonlinear Wing-Tail Interference Model | p. 246 |
VII. Axial Force Coefficient at Angle of Attack | p. 258 |
VIII. Configuration Aerodynamics | p. 265 |
References | p. 291 |
Chapter 6 Aerodynamics of Noncircular Body Configurations | p. 295 |
I. Background and Survey of Nonaxisymmetric Body Methods | p. 297 |
II. Review of Jorgensen Method | p. 300 |
III. Body-Alone Axial Force Approach | p. 302 |
IV. Newtonian and Slender Body Theory Factors | p. 304 |
V. Reynolds Number Effect on Crossflow Drag Coefficient | p. 315 |
VI. Scaling Considerations Based on Slender Body Theory | p. 317 |
VII. Wing-Body Configurations with Noncircular Cross Sections | p. 323 |
VIII. Wing-Body-Tail Configurations | p. 330 |
IX. Variable Body Cross-Sectional Shapes | p. 330 |
X. Summary of Computational Procedure for Aerodynamics of Nonaxisymmetric Body Configurations | p. 331 |
XI. Comparison of Method to Experiment | p. 332 |
References | p. 346 |
Chapter 7 Aerodynamic Heating at Hypersonic Mach Numbers, Including Real Gas Effects | p. 349 |
I. Introduction | p. 351 |
II. Real Gas Computational Procedure | p. 353 |
III. Normal and Oblique Shock Waves in Real Gas Environments | p. 355 |
A. Normal Shock Waves | p. 356 |
B. Oblique Shock Waves: Two-Dimensional or Wedge Flows | p. 358 |
C. Oblique Shock Waves: Axisymmetric Conical Flows | p. 362 |
IV. Computation of Properties Across Expansion Waves in Real Gas Environments | p. 367 |
V. Modified Newtonian Theory for Real Gases | p. 375 |
A. Frozen Flow | p. 376 |
B. Equilibrium Flow | p. 378 |
VI. Second-Order Shock Expansion Theory for Real Gases | p. 379 |
VII. Aerodynamic Heating at Hypersonic Mach Numbers | p. 383 |
A. Entropy Layer Effects | p. 385 |
B. Engineering Approximations for Aeroheating | p. 388 |
C. Example Application of Approximate Methods for Boundary-Layer Heating | p. 395 |
References | p. 399 |
Chapter 8 Applications of Aerodynamics | p. 401 |
I. Introduction | p. 404 |
II. Structural Loads | p. 404 |
A. Background | p. 404 |
B. Approach to Distribute Loads | p. 405 |
C. Roll Position of [phis] = 0 deg | p. 407 |
D. Changes for the [phis] = 45 deg Roll Position | p. 412 |
E. Loads, Shear, and Bending Moments | p. 414 |
F. Method Application | p. 416 |
III. Minimum Drag Shapes | p. 423 |
IV. Multifin Weapon Aerodynamics | p. 429 |
A. Introduction and Background | p. 429 |
B. Approach and Analysis | p. 430 |
C. Computational Fluid Dynamics Predictions for Multifin Aerodynamics | p. 433 |
D. Comparison of New Method for Multifin Aerodynamics to Experiment | p. 439 |
V. Weapon Performance | p. 447 |
VI. Summary of Aerodynamic Prediction Methods | p. 453 |
References | p. 456 |
Chapter 9 Future Direction for Aeroprediction Methodology | p. 459 |
I. Semi-Empirical Code Requirements | p. 459 |
II. Computational Fluid Dynamics Code Needs | p. 461 |
References | p. 462 |
Index | p. 463 |