Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010325347 | TD885.5.C3 F73 2013 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
On Order
Summary
Summary
The negative impacts of carbon emissions from human activities continue to dramatically reshape the environmental, political, and social landscape. These impacts coupled with cap and trade schemes iterate the importance and need to properly measure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon Footprint Analysis: Concepts, Methods, Implementation, and Case Studies provides up-to-date technical information and practical guidance on measuring and reducing energy and GHG emissions. Presenting a comprehensive framework for carbon management, this book:
Provides definitions, concepts, benefits, and background information regarding carbon footprint analyses Discusses the GHG accounting methods Outlines the general systems framework for conducting an audit Features four case studies in higher education, service, and manufacturing organizationsThe book includes detailed discussions of the concepts and explains how the different concepts fit together. It supplies the necessary background as well as systematic tools and procedures for organizations to measure and reduce their carbon footprints and begin to adapt to a carbon-constrained world.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
Author Biographies | p. xv |
Section I Why Carbon Footprint Analysis and Reduction? | |
1 Definitions of Carbon Footprint Analysis and Related Concepts | p. 3 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 3 |
1.2 Carbon Footprint Analysis | p. 6 |
1.3 Greenhouse Gases | p. 7 |
1.4 Global Warming, Climate Change, and Global Change | p. 8 |
1.5 Life Cycle Assessment and Embedded Carbon | p. 9 |
1.6 Other Footprints: Water, Nitrogen, Ecological Footprints | p. 14 |
1.7 Pollution Prevention | p. 17 |
1.8 Sustainability and the Triple Bottom Line | p. 18 |
1.9 Acronyms | p. 22 |
1.10 Units | p. 22 |
References | p. 23 |
2 Benefits of Energy and Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Minimization | p. 25 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 25 |
2.2 Environmental Benefits | p. 26 |
2.3 Economic Benefits | p. 29 |
2.4 Corporate Image Benefits | p. 30 |
2.5 Personal and Social Benefits | p. 31 |
References | p. 31 |
3 Environmental Laws and Regulations | p. 33 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 33 |
3.2 The U.S. Clean Air Act | p. 33 |
3.3 The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 | p. 34 |
3.4 Energy Policy Act of 2005 | p. 34 |
3.5 American Clean Energy and Security Act | p. 35 |
3.6 Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Rule | p. 35 |
3.7 Kyoto Protocol | p. 35 |
References | p. 36 |
Section II Carbon Footprint Analysis Methods | |
4 Standards for Carbon Footprint Analysis | p. 39 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 39 |
4.2 Product-Based Standards | p. 39 |
4.3 Activity-Based Standards | p. 41 |
4.4 Iterative Carbon Management Steps | p. 43 |
References | p. 45 |
5 GHG Protocol | p. 47 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 47 |
5.2 GHG Protocol Overview | p. 47 |
5.3 The GHG Protocol's Overarching Principles | p. 50 |
5.4 Greenhouse Gases | p. 50 |
5.5 Boundary Setting | p. 57 |
5.6 Organizational Boundary Setting | p. 58 |
5.7 Operational Boundary Setting | p. 59 |
5.7.1 Scope 1 Emissions | p. 59 |
5.7.2 Scope 2 Emissions | p. 60 |
5.7.3 Scope 3 Emissions | p. 63 |
5.8 Temporal Boundary Setting | p. 64 |
References | p. 64 |
6 Metrics and Performance Measurement for Carbon Footprint Analyses | p. 67 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 67 |
6.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Measurement | p. 67 |
6.2.1 Absolute Measures | p. 68 |
6.2.2 Measures Indexed to Output | p. 68 |
6.2.3 Measures Indexed to Input | p. 69 |
6.2.4 Measures Indexed to Throughput | p. 69 |
6.2.5 Measures Indexed to Activity | p. 69 |
6.3 Business and Financial Measurement | p. 69 |
6.4 Customer and Stakeholder Satisfaction Measurements | p. 71 |
Reference | p. 73 |
7 Energy and Greenhouse Gas Calculators Available on the Internet | p. 75 |
7.1 Overview of Calculators and Comparisons | p. 75 |
7.2 American Forests | p. 75 |
7.3 Bonneville Environmental Foundation | p. 77 |
7.4 Clearwater | p. 77 |
7.5 The Conservation Fund | p. 78 |
7.6 Green Mountain Energy | p. 78 |
7.7 TerraPass | p. 78 |
7.8 The U.S. Department of Energy-Home Energy Saver | p. 79 |
7.9 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) | p. 79 |
8 Carbon Footprints of Some Entities | p. 81 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 81 |
8.2 Carbon Footprint of Persons, Organizations, and Nations | p. 81 |
8.3 Embedded Carbon of Products | p. 84 |
References | p. 86 |
Section III Systems Approach to Project Implementation | |
9 Introduction: The System Approach to Carbon Footprint and Energy Reduction | p. 89 |
10 The Six Sigma Systems Approach for Deployment | p. 93 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 93 |
10.2 Define Stage | p. 95 |
10.3 Measure | p. 100 |
10.4 Analyze | p. 101 |
10.5 Improve | p. 101 |
10.6 Control | p. 102 |
10.7 Summary | p. 103 |
References | p. 104 |
11 Deployment Alternatives | p. 105 |
11.1 Introduction | p. 105 |
11.2 Choosing a Waste Minimization Provider or Partner | p. 107 |
11.3 Essential Elements of the Deployment Plan | p. 108 |
12 Creating a Successful Project Launch | p. 111 |
12.1 Introduction | p. 111 |
12.2 Executive Leadership | p. 111 |
12.3 Strategic Goals | p. 112 |
12.4 Resources | p. 114 |
12.5 Metrics | p. 117 |
12.6 Culture | p. 118 |
12.7 Communications | p. 118 |
12.8 Lessons Learned | p. 119 |
12.9 Summary | p. 121 |
Reference | p. 121 |
13 The General Approach to Greenhouse Gas and Energy Analyses | p. 123 |
13.1 Introduction to the Systems Approach Framework | p. 123 |
13.2 Establish the Team and Define the Project (Step 1) | p. 124 |
13.2.1 Upper-Management Support | p. 126 |
13.2.2 The Project Team | p. 126 |
13.2.3 Initial Training and Introductory Meeting | p. 127 |
13.2.4 Project Goals and Metrics | p. 128 |
13.2.5 Team Charter | p. 128 |
13.2.6 Project Timeline | p. 129 |
13.2.7 Project Budget | p. 129 |
13.3 Existing Records Review (Step 2) | p. 131 |
13.4 Process Mapping and Production Analysis (Step 3) | p. 136 |
13.5 On-Site Data Collection (Step 4) | p. 142 |
13.5.1 Preparation for On-Site Data Collection | p. 142 |
13.5.2 Assessment Guide | p. 147 |
13.6 Data Analysis (Step 5) | p. 148 |
13.7 Identify Minimization Opportunities (Step 6) | p. 149 |
13.8 Determine, Evaluate, and Select Alternatives (Step 7) | p. 152 |
13.8.1 Generating Alternatives | p. 152 |
13.8.2 Common Minimization Alternatives | p. 156 |
13.8.3 Screening Alternatives | p. 157 |
13.8.4 Analyzing and Selecting Alternatives | p. 160 |
13.8.4.1 Case Study Discussion-Evaluating and Selecting Alternatives | p. 169 |
13.9 Documentation and the Deployment Plan (Step 8) | p. 179 |
13.9.1 Overview of the Deployment Plan | p. 179 |
13.9.2 Obtaining Funding | p. 180 |
13.9.3 Contents of the Documentation and Deployment Plan | p. 181 |
13.9.3.1 Cover Sheet | p. 181 |
13.9.3.2 Overview | p. 182 |
13.9.3.3 Assessment Findings and Recommendations | p. 182 |
13.9.3.4 Assumptions, Dependencies, and Constraints | p. 182 |
13.9.3.5 Operational Readiness | p. 182 |
13.9.3.6 Timeline for Implementation | p. 182 |
13.9.3.7 Training and Documentation | p. 183 |
13.9.3.8 Notification of Deployment | p. 183 |
13.9.3.9 Operations and Maintenance Plans | p. 183 |
13.9.3.10 Contingency Plan | p. 183 |
13.9.3.11 Appendices | p. 184 |
13.10 Implementation and Execution (Step 9) | p. 184 |
13.11 Validate the Program versus Goals (Step 10) | p. 185 |
13.12 Monitor and Continually Improve Performance (Step 11) | p. 186 |
14 Employee Training | p. 189 |
14.1 Introduction | p. 189 |
14.2 Strategy | p. 189 |
14.3 Agendas for Training | p. 191 |
Section IV Case Studies | |
15 Higher Education Carbon Management | p. 195 |
15.1 Organizations and Programs That Encourage and Support Carbon Footprint Analysis and Management | p. 195 |
15.2 Case Study of the University of Toledo | p. 201 |
15.2.1 Background and Acknowledgments | p. 201 |
15.2.2 Using Wiki Technology to Facilitate Communication | p. 202 |
15.2.3 Project Process | p. 203 |
15.2.4 Project Boundaries and Raw Data | p. 207 |
15.2.5 Emissions Summary | p. 212 |
15.2.6 Emissions Projections | p. 212 |
15.2.7 Scope 1 Reduction Strategies | p. 213 |
15.2.8 Scope 2 Reduction Strategies | p. 214 |
15.2.9 Scope 3 Reduction Strategies | p. 214 |
15.2.10 Carbon Offsets | p. 216 |
15.2.11 Education | p. 217 |
References | p. 217 |
16 Energy Analysis and Minimization in Manufacturing | p. 219 |
16.1 Introduction | p. 219 |
16.2 Methodology | p. 220 |
16.3 Data Analysis | p. 220 |
16.3.1 Offices | p. 220 |
16.3.2 Entryway | p. 221 |
16.3.3 Kitchenette | p. 222 |
16.3.4 Manufacturing | p. 222 |
16.3.5 Other Areas | p. 223 |
16.4 Cost Savings Opportunities/Recommendations | p. 223 |
16.4.1 Offices | p. 223 |
16.4.2 Entryway | p. 225 |
16.4.3 Kitchenette | p. 226 |
16.4.4 Manufacturing | p. 226 |
16.4.5 Other Areas | p. 227 |
16.5 Recommendations and Summary | p. 227 |
17 Energy Analysis and Minimization in Health Care | p. 231 |
17.1 Introduction and Background | p. 231 |
17.2 Methodology | p. 231 |
17.3 Lighting Results | p. 232 |
17.4 Lighting Recommendations | p. 234 |
17.4.1 Lighting Sensors on the Exterior of the Parking Structure | p. 234 |
17.4.2 LED Tube Retrofits for the F40T12 Bulbs | p. 234 |
17.4.3 LED Retrofits for Exit Signs | p. 235 |
17.5 Economic Analysis of Lighting Recommendations | p. 235 |
17.6 Environmental Impact | p. 239 |
17.7 Other Areas for Energy Reduction | p. 241 |
References | p. 242 |
18 Energy Analysis in Minimization in Construction and Manufacturing | p. 243 |
18.1 Background | p. 243 |
18.2 Methodology | p. 243 |
18.3 Data Analysis | p. 244 |
18.3.1 Machine Shop | p. 244 |
18.3.2 Warehouse | p. 244 |
18.3.3 Office | p. 244 |
18.4 Cost-Saving Opportunities | p. 245 |
18.4.1 The Machine Shop | p. 245 |
18.4.2 Warehouse | p. 246 |
18.4.3 Office Area | p. 246 |
18.4.4 Other Areas | p. 246 |
18.5 Recommendations and Summary | p. 247 |
Index | p. 249 |