Cover image for Continuous monitoring for hazardous material releases
Title:
Continuous monitoring for hazardous material releases
Publication Information:
Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2009
Physical Description:
x, 86 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9780470148907

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30000010205086 TD890 C66 2009 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Whether occurring accidentally or through acts of terrorism, catastrophic chemical releases must be identified early in order to mitigate their consequences. Continuous sensor monitoring can detect catastrophic chemical releases early enough to curb extreme amounts of damage. In several notable instances, such monitors have not been used appropriately, or have fallen short of what they should have been capable of delivering. This book provides the technical background and guidance needed to get the most from this emerging technique and details the essentials of preparing any workplace from falling victim to a gas-leak catastrophe.


Author Notes

Since 1985, the Center For Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been the world leader in developing and disseminating information on process safety management and technology. CCPS, an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has published over eighty books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series.


Table of Contents

1 Introductionp. 1
1.1 Purposep. 1
1.2 Scopep. 1
1.3 Who Will Benefit from this Guideline?p. 2
2 Managementp. 3
2.1 Management Overviewp. 3
2.2 Why Do We Use Gas Detectors?p. 4
2.3 What Do We Want to Detect?p. 5
2.4 What Actions Do We Expect to Undertake in the Event of a Release?p. 6
2.5 How Much Should We Spend on Detection?p. 7
3 Determining Where Gas Detection May or May Not be Beneficialp. 9
3.1 Assessing Where Gas Detection may be Beneficialp. 9
3.2 Situations Where Other Technologies May be More Beneficialp. 11
3.3 Situations Where Gas Detection Is Recommended by Consensus or Mandated By Lawp. 13
3.4 Situations Where Toxic Gas Detection May be Beneficialp. 17
3.5 Situations Where Combustible Detection May be Beneficialp. 18
3.6 Example Applications of the Continuous Monitoring Systemp. 20
3.6.1 Generalized Applicationsp. 20
3.6.2 Personal Direct Reading Monitors in the Refining Environmentp. 22
3.6.3 Perimeter Monitoring at an LPG Storage Facilityp. 23
3.6.4 Exhausted Enclosures; Specific Example in the Semiconductor Industry, Specialty Gas Guidelinep. 24
3.6.5 Example: Hazardous Gas Monitoring: Alarm Set points and Response Protocolsp. 26
3.6.6 Hazardous Gas Monitoring: System Featuresp. 27
3.6.7 Hazardous Gas Monitoring: Sample Pointsp. 28
3.7 Referencesp. 29
3.8 Glossaryp. 29
4 Sensor Technologyp. 31
4.1 Introductionp. 31
4.2 Description of Gases and Vaporsp. 31
4.2.1 Gasp. 31
4.2.2 Vaporp. 31
4.3 Available Sensors and How they Workp. 32
4.3.1 Electrochemical Sensorsp. 32
4.3.2 Infrared (IR) Sensorsp. 32
4.3.3 Catalytic Bead Sensorsp. 33
4.3.4 Photoionization Detector (PID)p. 33
4.3.5 Thermal Conductivity (TC) Gas Detectorsp. 34
4.3.6 Colorimetry (i.e., Honeywell Zellwegger Chemcassette®)p. 34
4.3.7 Radon Gasp. 34
4.3.8 Laser Gas Analyzer Open Path Detectionp. 34
4.4 Factors to Consider when Choosing a Sensorp. 35
4.4.1 Target Gas/Vaporp. 35
4.4.2 Interfering Gases/Vaporsp. 35
4.4.3 Expected Gas/Vapor Concentration Rangep. 35
4.4.4 Fixed vs. Portable Detectorsp. 36
4.4.5 Personal Detection Equipmentp. 37
4.4.6 Point or Open Path Detectionp. 37
4.5 Sensor Performance Variablesp. 38
4.5.1 Response Speedp. 38
4.5.2 Measurement Range/Operating Rangep. 39
4.5.3 Sensitivityp. 39
4.5.4 Oxygen Requirementsp. 39
4.5.5 Interferencep. 39
4.6 Referencesp. 43
4.7 Glossaryp. 44
5 Approaches to Detector Placement and Configurationp. 45
5.1 General Guidance for Detector Placement and Configurationp. 45
5.2 General Guidance for Toxic Gas Detectionp. 47
5.3 General Guidance for Flammable Detectionp. 50
5.4 Detector Placement for Source Monitoringp. 51
5.5 Detector Placement for Volumetric Monitoringp. 53
5.5.1 Applying the Volumetric Approach in Enclosed Buildingsp. 56
5.5.2 Applying the Volumetric Approach in Outdoor Locations and Semi-Enclosed Volumesp. 58
5.5.2.1 Semi-Enclosed Volumesp. 58
5.5.2.2 Open Volumesp. 59
5.5.2.3 Applying the Volumetric Approach to Liquid Phase and Heavier-Than-Air Releasesp. 60
5.6 Detector Placement for Enclosure Monitoringp. 60
5.6.1 Monitoring Enclosures for Toxicsp. 60
5.6.2 Monitoring Enclosures for Flammablesp. 63
5.6.2.1 Enclosures Containing Release Sourcesp. 63
5.6.3 Enclosures Exposed to External Release Sources Onlyp. 66
5.7 Detector Placement for Path of Travel and Target Receptor Monitoringp. 68
5.8 Detector Placement for Perimeter Monitoringp. 69
5.9 Detector Set Points and Monitoringp. 71
6 Overall System Management - Commissioning, Testing, and Maintenancep. 73
6.1 Summaryp. 73
6.2 Trainingp. 73
6.3 Documentationp. 74
6.4 Maintenancep. 74
6.5 Establish a Good Relationship with the Local Authority-Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)p. 75
6.6 Change Managementp. 75