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Summary
Summary
A software radio is a radio whose channel modulation waveforms are defined in software. All wireless telephones are controlled by this software. Written by the leader in the field, this book covers the technology that will allow cellular telephones to greatly expand the types of data they can transmit.
Author Notes
JOSEPH MITOLA III, PhD, introduced the software radio architecture in 1992. He was the founding chair of the software-defined Radio (SDR) Forum in 1996. He teaches industrial courses on the subject in the United States and Europe for clients such as the U.S. Department of Defense. He is also widely published and cited, having served as editor-in-chief for the landmark May 1995 issue of IEEE (NY) Communications Magazine, the April 1999 Journal on Selection Areas in Communication on Software Radios, and the ongoing series Software and DSP in Radio.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xvii |
1 Introduction and Overview | p. 1 |
I. Revolution and Evolution | p. 1 |
II. A Systematic Exposition | p. 2 |
III. The Ideal Software Radio | p. 2 |
IV. The Software Radio Functional Architecture | p. 5 |
A. The Software Radio Functional Model | p. 5 |
B. Functional Interfaces | p. 8 |
C. Architecture | p. 9 |
D. Levels of Abstraction | p. 11 |
V. Basic Signal Processing Streams | p. 13 |
A. The Real-Time Channel Processing Stream | p. 13 |
B. The Environment Management Stream | p. 14 |
C. On-line Adaptation | p. 15 |
D. Off-Line Software Tools | p. 15 |
VI. Implementation Alternatives | p. 17 |
A. Defining the Radio Platform | p. 19 |
B. Evolving the Radio Platform | p. 23 |
VII. The Acquisition of Software Radios | p. 24 |
A. Critical Acquisition Parameters | p. 24 |
B. Channelization | p. 25 |
C. Programmable Digital Access | p. 26 |
D. Hardware Modularity | p. 27 |
E. Software Flexibility and Affordability | p. 27 |
F. Architecture Openness | p. 28 |
VIII. Broader Implications of the Software Radio | p. 29 |
A. Type Certification | p. 29 |
B. Incremental Download Stability and Type Certification | p. 30 |
C. Spectrum Management Implications | p. 31 |
IX. Exercises | p. 33 |
2 Architecture Evolution | p. 35 |
I. Technology-Demographics | p. 35 |
A. Functions, Components, and Design Rules | p. 36 |
B. Global Restructuring Through 2G and 3G Mobile Cellular Radio | p. 38 |
C. Complexity Equals Software | p. 40 |
II. Commercial Architecture Needs | p. 45 |
A. The BellSouth Software-Defined Radio (SDR) | p. 46 |
B. European Perspectives | p. 47 |
C. Asian Perspectives | p. 51 |
D. Regional Differences | p. 52 |
E. Differentiating Market Segments | p. 54 |
III. Military Architecture Needs | p. 56 |
A. Defense Information Infrastructures | p. 57 |
B. Tactical Military Needs | p. 58 |
IV. Open Architecture and Standards Evolution | p. 62 |
A. The Software-Defined Radio (SDR) Forum | p. 62 |
B. Product Standards Organizations | p. 63 |
C. Air Interface Standards | p. 64 |
D. The Global Deliberative Process | p. 64 |
V. Architecture Evolution Roadmap | p. 69 |
VI. Exercises | p. 71 |
3 The Radio Spectrum and RF Environment | p. 73 |
I. RF Signal Space | p. 73 |
A. Overview of Radio Bands and Modes | p. 74 |
B. Dynamic Range-Bandwidth Product | p. 76 |
II. HF Band Communications Modes | p. 77 |
A. HF Propagation | p. 78 |
B. HF Air Interface Modes | p. 79 |
C. HF Services and Products | p. 80 |
III. Low-Band Noise and Interference | p. 81 |
IV. Low VHF (LVHF) Band Communications Modes | p. 82 |
A. LVHF Propagation | p. 83 |
B. Single-Channel-per-Carrier LVHF Air Interface Modes | p. 84 |
C. LVHF Spread-Spectrum Air Interfaces | p. 84 |
D. LVHF Multichannel Air Interfaces | p. 85 |
E. LVHF Services and Products | p. 85 |
F. LVHF Software Radio | p. 86 |
V. Multipath Propagation | p. 86 |
VI. VHF Band Communications Modes | p. 89 |
A. VHF Propagation | p. 89 |
B. VHF Air Interface Modes | p. 90 |
C. VHF Services and Products | p. 91 |
D. VHF SDR | p. 91 |
VII. UHF Band Communications Modes | p. 92 |
A. UHF Propagation | p. 92 |
B. UHF Air Interface Modes | p. 93 |
C. UHF Services and Products | p. 94 |
D. UHF SDR | p. 94 |
VIII. SHF Band Communications Modes | p. 95 |
A. SHF Propagation | p. 96 |
B. Doppler Shift | p. 96 |
C. SHF Air Interface Modes | p. 97 |
D. SHF Services and Products | p. 99 |
E. SHF SDR | p. 99 |
IX. Atmospheric Effects | p. 101 |
X. EHF Band Communications Modes | p. 102 |
A. EHF Propagation | p. 102 |
B. EHF Air Interface Modes | p. 103 |
C. EHF Services and Products | p. 104 |
D. EHF SDR | p. 104 |
XI. Satellite Communications Modes | p. 104 |
A. Satellite Propagation | p. 105 |
B. Satellite Air Interface Modes | p. 107 |
C. Satellite Services and Products | p. 109 |
D. Satcom SDR | p. 109 |
XII. Multiband Multimode Summary | p. 109 |
XIII. Exercises | p. 110 |
4 Systems-Level Architecture Analysis | p. 112 |
I. Disaster-Relief Case Study | p. 112 |
A. Scenario | p. 112 |
B. Needs Analysis | p. 114 |
C. Exercises | p. 116 |
II. Radio Resource Analysis | p. 117 |
A. Radio Resource Management | p. 117 |
B. Modeling Spectrum Use | p. 120 |
C. Modeling Spatial Access | p. 128 |
D. Grade of Service (GoS) | p. 132 |
E. Quality of Service (QoS) | p. 137 |
F. Review | p. 139 |
G. Exercises | p. 140 |
III. Network Architecture Analysis | p. 140 |
A. Network Hierarchies | p. 141 |
B. Commercial Networks | p. 144 |
C. Military Networks | p. 151 |
D. Mode Parameter Analysis | p. 152 |
IV. Analyzing the Protocol Stacks | p. 154 |
A. Mapping Applications to Protocol Stacks | p. 156 |
B. The Network Layer | p. 160 |
C. The Data Link Layer | p. 162 |
D. The Physical Layer Analysis | p. 165 |
E. Alternate Protocol Stacks: Wireless ATM | p. 168 |
F. Exercises | p. 169 |
V. Systems-Level Architecture Parameters | p. 170 |
A. Exercises | p. 170 |
5 Node-Level Architecture Analysis | p. 171 |
I. Architecture Representation | p. 172 |
A. Functional Design Hierarchies | p. 174 |
B. Object-Oriented Approaches | p. 178 |
C. Reference Platform Integration | p. 180 |
D. Using UML to Analyze Node Architectures | p. 182 |
E. A Topological Model of Architecture | p. 185 |
F. The Canonical Software Radio Node Architecture | p. 191 |
G. Digital Signal Processing Flow Parameters | p. 199 |
H. Node-Level Architecture Capability Profile | p. 204 |
I. Exercises | p. 206 |
II. Industry-Standard Node Architectures | p. 207 |
A. SDR Forum Architecture Framework | p. 207 |
B. ITU-R IMT-2000 Device Architecture | p. 213 |
C. Exercises | p. 213 |
III. Programmable Digital Radio (PDR) Case Studies | p. 215 |
A. A Basic Commercial PDR | p. 215 |
B. Multimode Conventional Radios | p. 218 |
C. GEC's Programmable Digital Radio | p. 220 |
D. ITT Digital Radio | p. 221 |
E. Commercial Progenitors: AirNet | p. 223 |
IV. Technology Pathfinders | p. 224 |
A. COTS Research Pathfinders | p. 224 |
B. SPEAKeasy, the Military Technology Pathfinder | p. 225 |
C. Joint Communications Interoperability Terminal | p. 232 |
V. Exercises | p. 235 |
6 Segment Design Tradeoffs | p. 236 |
I. Overview | p. 236 |
II. Antenna Tradeoffs | p. 237 |
III. RF and IF Processing Tradeoffs | p. 238 |
IV. ADC Tradeoffs | p. 238 |
V. Digital Architecture Tradeoffs | p. 239 |
VI. Software Architecture Tradeoffs | p. 240 |
VII. Performance Management Tradeoffs | p. 241 |
VIII. End-to-End Tradeoffs | p. 242 |
IX. Exercises | p. 242 |
7 Antenna Segment Tradeoffs | p. 244 |
I. RF Access | p. 244 |
II. Parameter Control | p. 246 |
A. Linearity and Phase Noise | p. 246 |
B. Parameters for Emitter Locations | p. 246 |
III. Packaging, Installation, and Operational Challenges | p. 247 |
A. Gain versus Packaging | p. 247 |
B. Bandwidth versus Packaging | p. 248 |
C. Antenna Calibration | p. 248 |
D. Antenna Separation | p. 251 |
E. Human Body Interactions | p. 252 |
IV. Antenna Diversity | p. 253 |
A. Spatial Coherence Analysis | p. 254 |
B. Potential Benefits of Spatial Diversity | p. 256 |
C. Spatial and Spectral Diversity | p. 257 |
D. Diversity Architecture Tradeoffs | p. 257 |
V. Programmable Antennas | p. 260 |
VI. Cost Tradeoffs | p. 261 |
VII. Summary and Conclusions | p. 262 |
VIII. Exercises | p. 263 |
8 RF/IF Conversion Segment Tradeoffs | p. 265 |
I. RF Conversion Architectures | p. 265 |
II. Receiver Architectures | p. 267 |
A. The Superheterodyne Receiver | p. 267 |
B. Direct Conversion Receiver | p. 270 |
C. Digital-RF Receivers | p. 271 |
D. Interference Suppression | p. 272 |
III. RF Component Technology | p. 277 |
A. RF MEMS | p. 277 |
B. Superconducting Filters | p. 280 |
C. Dual-Mode Amplifiers | p. 281 |
D. Electronically Programmable Analog Components | p. 281 |
IV. RF Subsystem Performance | p. 282 |
V. RF/IF Conversion Issues | p. 285 |
VI. Exercises | p. 286 |
9 ADC and DAC Tradeoffs | p. 289 |
I. Review of ADC Fundamentals | p. 289 |
A. Dynamic Range (DNR) Budget | p. 290 |
B. Anti-Aliasing Filters | p. 290 |
C. Clipping Distortion | p. 292 |
D. Aperture Jitter | p. 292 |
E. Quantization and Dynamic Range | p. 293 |
F. Technology Limits | p. 294 |
II. ADC and DAC Tradeoffs | p. 294 |
A. Sigma-Delta (Delta-Sigma) ADCs | p. 295 |
B. Quadrature Techniques | p. 297 |
C. Bandpass Sampling (Digital Down Conversion) | p. 298 |
D. DAC Tradeoffs | p. 300 |
III. SDR Applications | p. 301 |
A. Conversion Rate, Dynamic Range, and Applications | p. 301 |
B. ADC Product Evolution | p. 302 |
C. Low-Power Wireless Applications | p. 303 |
D. Digital RF | p. 303 |
IV. ADC Design Rules | p. 305 |
A. Linearity | p. 305 |
B. Measuring SNR | p. 306 |
C. Noise Floor Matching | p. 307 |
D. Figure of Merit | p. 308 |
E. Technology Insertion | p. 308 |
F. Architecture Implications | p. 310 |
V. Exercises | p. 310 |
10 Digital Processing Tradeoffs | p. 312 |
I. Metrics | p. 312 |
II. Heterogeneous Multiprocessing Hardware | p. 316 |
A. Hardware Classes | p. 316 |
B. Digital Interconnect | p. 317 |
III. Applications-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) | p. 321 |
A. Digital Filter ASICs | p. 321 |
B. Forward Error Control (FEC) ASICs | p. 323 |
C. Transceiver ASICs | p. 324 |
D. Architecture Implications | p. 326 |
IV. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) | p. 329 |
A. Introduction to FPGAs | p. 329 |
B. Reconfigurable Hardware Platforms | p. 330 |
C. FPGA-DSP Architecture Tradeoffs | p. 331 |
D. Table-Driven Signal Generation | p. 332 |
E. Evolutionary Design of FPGA Functions | p. 333 |
F. Architecture Implications | p. 334 |
V. DSP Architectures | p. 336 |
A. DSP Cores for Wireless | p. 336 |
B. Basic DSP: The TMS320C30 | p. 337 |
C. Increasing Interconnect Capacity: The C40 and SHARC | p. 338 |
D. Size-Power Tradeoffs: The C54x, and Motorola Chips | p. 339 |
E. Toward Greater Parallelism: The C80 and C6xx | p. 339 |
F. Summary and Comparison of Contemporary Chips | p. 339 |
G. Potential Technology Limits | p. 341 |
VI. INFOSEC Processor Architectures | p. 342 |
A. The Clipper Chip--Key Escrow Approach | p. 342 |
B. Programmable INFOSEC Modules | p. 342 |
VII. Host Processors | p. 343 |
VIII. Architecture Implications | p. 343 |
IX. Exercises | p. 345 |
11 Software Architecture Tradeoffs | p. 347 |
I. The Software Design Process | p. 347 |
II. Top-Down, Object-Oriented Design | p. 348 |
A. Object-Oriented Design for SDR | p. 348 |
B. Defining Software Objects | p. 352 |
C. Architecture Implications | p. 358 |
III. Software Architecture Analysis | p. 359 |
A. SDR Software Architecture | p. 359 |
B. SPEAKeasy I Software Architecture | p. 360 |
C. Characteristics of Top-Level Objects | p. 361 |
D. Specialized Tasks | p. 362 |
E. SPEAKeasy II Code | p. 363 |
IV. Infrastructure Software | p. 363 |
A. Control Flows | p. 365 |
B. Signal Flows | p. 365 |
C. Standardizing Flows | p. 365 |
D. CORBA | p. 368 |
E. Timing, Frequency, and Positioning | p. 371 |
F. Resource Management | p. 373 |
V. SDR State Machines | p. 374 |
A. Finite State Automata | p. 374 |
B. Push-Down Automata | p. 375 |
C. Channel-Control State Machines | p. 375 |
D. Agent State Machines | p. 376 |
VI. Architecture Implications | p. 377 |
A. Communications Services Layer | p. 377 |
B. Radio Applications Layer | p. 378 |
C. Infrastructure Layer | p. 380 |
D. Hardware Platform Layer | p. 381 |
VII. Exercises | p. 382 |
12 Software Component Characteristics | p. 384 |
I. Hardware-Software Interfaces | p. 384 |
A. DSP Extensions | p. 385 |
B. Execution Timing | p. 388 |
C. Aggregate Software Performance | p. 390 |
II. Front-End Processing Software | p. 392 |
A. Spectrum Management | p. 394 |
B. Spectrum Monitoring | p. 396 |
III. Modem Software | p. 400 |
A. Modem Complexity | p. 400 |
B. SPEAKeasy II API | p. 400 |
C. Modulation/Demodulation Techniques | p. 401 |
D. Synchronization | p. 412 |
E. Equalizer Complexity | p. 413 |
F. Demodulation Decisions | p. 414 |
G. Forward Error Control (FEC) | p. 416 |
H. Error Protection Complexity Tradeoffs | p. 418 |
I. Multiple Data Rates | p. 419 |
J. Link-Level Complexity Drivers | p. 421 |
IV. Bitstream Processing Software | p. 422 |
V. INFOSEC Software | p. 423 |
VI. Internetworking Software | p. 423 |
A. Open Systems Interconnect Protocol Stack | p. 424 |
B. Layering Network Access | p. 427 |
C. Mode Handover | p. 427 |
VII. Source Segment Software | p. 428 |
A. Voice Processing Software | p. 429 |
B. Message Processing Software | p. 429 |
C. User-Interface Software | p. 429 |
VIII. Other Software Issues | p. 432 |
IX. Architecture Implications | p. 434 |
X. Exercises | p. 434 |
13 Performance Management | p. 437 |
I. Overview of Performance Management | p. 437 |
A. Conformable Measures of Demand and Capacity | p. 437 |
B. Initial Demand Estimates | p. 438 |
C. Facility Utilization Accurately Predicts Performance | p. 440 |
II. Performance Management Process Flow | p. 442 |
III. Estimating Processing Demand | p. 444 |
A. Pseudocode Example--T1 Multiplexer | p. 444 |
B. Quantified Objects | p. 448 |
C. Thread Analysis and Object Load Factors | p. 450 |
D. Using the Resource Management Spreadsheet | p. 453 |
IV. Benchmarking Applications | p. 454 |
A. The GSM Base Station | p. 454 |
B. Benchmarking Partial Interference Cancellation Receivers | p. 456 |
C. Benchmarking Handsets | p. 458 |
V. Specifying Performance Parameters | p. 459 |
A. Facility Utilization | p. 459 |
B. Response Time Estimation | p. 462 |
C. Throughput Estimation: How Much Hardware? | p. 463 |
D. Probability of Exceeding Specifications | p. 464 |
VI. Architecture Implications | p. 466 |
VII. Exercises | p. 466 |
14 Smart Antennas | p. 467 |
I. Smart Antenna Domains | p. 467 |
II. Multibeam Arrays | p. 468 |
III. Adaptive Spatial Nulling | p. 470 |
A. Algorithm Operation | p. 472 |
B. Beamforming Algorithm Complexity | p. 475 |
IV. Space-Time Adaptive Processing | p. 475 |
V. Architecture Implications | p. 477 |
A. Smart Antenna Components | p. 478 |
B. Design Rules | p. 479 |
VI. Exercises | p. 480 |
15 Applications | p. 482 |
I. The Design Process | p. 482 |
II. The Disaster-Relief System Design | p. 483 |
A. FEMA Concept of Operations (CONOPS) | p. 484 |
B. Requirements Analysis | p. 486 |
C. System Description | p. 488 |
D. Illustrative Design | p. 489 |
III. Architecture Implications | p. 491 |
IV. Exercises | p. 491 |
16 Reference Architecture | p. 493 |
References | p. 495 |
Glossary | p. 515 |
Index | p. 533 |