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Summary
Summary
This practical resource gives professionals the information needed to analyze and evaluate the performance of satellite links and networks, and to understand the issues and limitations of IP/ATM over SATCOM technology, used for the transmission of multimedia information services. The book examines current and future land mobile satellite (LMS) communication systems, and the techniques necessary to support reliable and efficient communication.
Author Notes
John R. Farserotu holds an M.S.E.E. in communications from George Washington University and a Ph.D. from Deft University of Technology.
Farserotu is head of the Wireless Communication Section at CSEM in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, where his research interests include wireless communication, modulation and coding, satellite communication and networking.
050
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
Chapter 1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 Overview | p. 1 |
1.2 IMT-2000 and the Role of Satcom and LMS | p. 2 |
1.2.1 Global coverage | p. 2 |
1.2.2 Terrestrial alternative or gap-filling in IMT-2000 | p. 3 |
1.2.3 Enable IMT-2000 and the role of LMS | p. 3 |
1.2.4 Communication architecture employing LMS | p. 3 |
1.3 Multimedia Information Services | p. 5 |
1.4 IP and ATM Networks | p. 6 |
1.5 Preview of the Book | p. 7 |
1.6 Summary | p. 9 |
References | p. 9 |
Chapter 2 Overview of Land Mobile Satellite Communication | p. 11 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 11 |
2.1.1 Characteristics and limits of LMS systems | p. 11 |
2.2 General Orbital Considerations (LEO, MEO, or GEO) | p. 13 |
2.2.1 General satellite orbital model | p. 14 |
2.2.2 Orbital period | p. 15 |
2.2.3 Coverage, beamwidth, and range | p. 16 |
2.2.4 Intersatellite crosslinks | p. 17 |
2.3 Frequency Allocations and Regulatory Issues | p. 18 |
2.4 Interference Constraints | p. 20 |
2.4.1 Interference limits | p. 20 |
2.4.2 MSS space-to-Earth band (2,170-2,200 MHz) | p. 20 |
2.4.3 MSS Earth-to-space band (2,170-2,200 MHz) | p. 20 |
2.4.4 Satellite unwanted emissions | p. 21 |
2.4.5 User terminal unwanted emissions | p. 21 |
2.4.6 WLANs and short-range wireless links in the ISM band | p. 21 |
2.5 Link Budget Analysis | p. 21 |
2.5.1 Power and gain | p. 22 |
2.5.2 Path losses | p. 22 |
2.5.3 Thermal noise | p. 22 |
2.5.4 Link analysis for satellite with onboard processing | p. 23 |
2.6 Over View of Existing and Planned Systems | p. 23 |
2.6.1 Globalstar | p. 24 |
2.6.2 ICO | p. 25 |
2.6.3 INMARSAT-C | p. 26 |
2.6.4 Iridium | p. 26 |
2.6.5 Orbcomm | p. 26 |
2.7 Land Mobile Satcom in the IMT-2000 | p. 26 |
2.7.1 UTRA and WCDMA | p. 27 |
2.7.2 S-UMTS | p. 27 |
2.8 S-UMTS ITU-R RTT PROPOSALS | p. 28 |
2.8.1 SAT-CDMA | p. 29 |
2.8.2 ESA RTT proposals | p. 29 |
2.8.3 ICO global communications RTT proposal | p. 31 |
2.8.4 Other (non-ITU proposals) | p. 31 |
2.8.5 Services and performance requirements | p. 31 |
2.9 Evolving Towards Fourth-Generation Mobile Systems and Beyond (a Unified Approach) | p. 33 |
2.9.1 Mobile broadband service | p. 33 |
2.9.2 Broadband SATCOM: ATM-SATCOM systems and developments | p. 34 |
2.10 Summary | p. 36 |
References | p. 36 |
Chapter 3 Land Mobile Satellite Communication Channel | p. 39 |
3.1 Multipath Fading | p. 40 |
3.1.1 Rayleigh fading and the diffuse multipath signal components | p. 40 |
3.1.2 The signal | p. 41 |
3.2 Rayleigh Fading Process and the Diffuse Signal Components | p. 42 |
3.3 Rician Fading and the Los and Specular Signal Components | p. 43 |
3.3.1 LOS and specular components | p. 43 |
3.3.2 Rician fading | p. 44 |
3.4 Nakagami Fading Model | p. 46 |
3.5 Shadowing and the Lognormal Model | p. 46 |
3.6 Shadowing and Fading (Loo's Model) | p. 47 |
3.6.1 Shadowing and fading (Loo's model) | p. 47 |
3.6.2 The signal phase | p. 47 |
3.7 Frequency, Time, and Space Selective Fading | p. 48 |
3.7.1 Coherence bandwidth (f[subscript 0]) | p. 48 |
3.7.2 Coherence length ([iota subscript 0]) | p. 48 |
3.7.3 Coherence time ([tau subscript 0]) | p. 48 |
3.7.4 Angle of arrival deviation ([sigma subscript 0]) | p. 49 |
3.8 Power Spectral Density | p. 49 |
3.8.1 Case 1 (omni antenna) | p. 50 |
3.8.2 Case 2 (directive antenna) | p. 51 |
3.9 Power Delay Spectrum | p. 51 |
3.9.1 Case 1 (omni antenna) | p. 51 |
3.9.2 Case 2 (directive antenna) | p. 52 |
3.10 Fading Rate | p. 53 |
3.10.1 Level crossing rate | p. 53 |
3.10.2 Case 1 (Rayleigh fading) | p. 54 |
3.10.3 Case 2 (Rician fading) | p. 54 |
3.11 Rayleigh Fade Statistics | p. 54 |
3.11.1 Average fade duration | p. 54 |
3.11.2 Availability in multipath fading | p. 55 |
3.12 Summary | p. 56 |
References | p. 56 |
Appendix 3A Useful Equations | p. 58 |
Chapter 4 System Design Issues | p. 59 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 59 |
4.2 The Waveform and System Design Drivers | p. 60 |
4.2.1 LMS air interface drivers | p. 60 |
4.2.2 Cost and complexity of CDMA systems | p. 61 |
4.2.3 LMS architecture | p. 61 |
4.3 Waveform and Technology Considerations | p. 62 |
4.3.1 Multiple access techniques and issues | p. 63 |
4.3.2 CDMA for LMS | p. 63 |
4.3.3 Multiuser detection and interference cancellation | p. 64 |
4.3.4 Interference cancellation | p. 67 |
4.3.5 Channel estimation and equalization | p. 68 |
4.3.6 Power control | p. 68 |
4.3.7 Synchronization | p. 70 |
4.3.8 Modulation | p. 71 |
4.3.9 Error control and correction issues for LMS | p. 73 |
4.3.10 Duplexing | p. 74 |
4.3.11 Handover | p. 74 |
4.3.12 Receiver implementation and equalization | p. 75 |
4.3.13 Adaptive equalization | p. 76 |
4.3.14 Interleaving | p. 77 |
4.3.15 Adaptive "smart" antenna technology | p. 78 |
4.3.16 Side information and waveform implementation | p. 78 |
4.3.17 Security | p. 79 |
4.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks | p. 79 |
References | p. 80 |
Chapter 5 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques | p. 83 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 83 |
5.2 FDMA | p. 83 |
5.2.1 FDMA capacity | p. 86 |
5.2.2 ACI limitation | p. 86 |
5.2.3 Frequency uncertainty and guard band | p. 86 |
5.2.4 Frequency uncertainty due to drift and wander | p. 87 |
5.2.5 Sensitivity to intermod products | p. 87 |
5.3 TDMA | p. 88 |
5.4 Time and Frequency Uncertainty Over Satellite Links | p. 89 |
5.4.1 The sources of time and frequency uncertainty | p. 91 |
5.4.2 Satellite motion | p. 92 |
5.4.3 Time uncertainty due to wander and drift | p. 94 |
5.4.4 Short-term stability: Timing jitter between clocks | p. 95 |
5.5 DS-CDMA | p. 95 |
5.5.1 CDMA capacity | p. 96 |
5.5.2 DS-CDMA receiver | p. 97 |
5.5.3 IP/ATM over CDMA integration issues | p. 101 |
5.6 Hybrid FH/DS-CDMA Waveform | p. 102 |
5.7 Wcdma-Based S-UMTS Air Interface | p. 103 |
5.7.1 CDMA codes for UMTS | p. 104 |
5.8 Summary | p. 107 |
References | p. 107 |
Chapter 6 MPSK TCM | p. 109 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 109 |
6.2 Modeling of MPSK and Pragmatic MPSK TCM | p. 110 |
6.2.1 General MPSK performance model | p. 111 |
6.2.2 Pragmatic MPSK TCM performance model and modifications | p. 113 |
6.3 Pragmatic MPSK TCM Performance | p. 117 |
6.3.1 Performance in AWGN | p. 117 |
6.3.2 Performance in Rician fading | p. 118 |
6.3.3 Performance in Rayleigh fading | p. 120 |
6.4 MPSK TCM with Symbol Diversity | p. 121 |
6.5 Concatenated Reed-Solomon MPSK TCM | p. 122 |
6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks | p. 123 |
References | p. 124 |
Appendix 6A Terms at Hamming Distance 12 | p. 125 |
Chapter 7 Antennas | p. 127 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 127 |
7.2 Basics of Antennas for LMS | p. 127 |
7.2.1 Directivity and gain | p. 127 |
7.2.2 The LMS terminal | p. 129 |
7.2.3 Tracking | p. 129 |
7.3 Antennas and Diversity | p. 130 |
7.3.1 Antenna diversity in the ground segment | p. 130 |
7.3.2 Satellite diversity | p. 131 |
7.3.3 Diversity combining techniques | p. 131 |
7.4 Smart Antennas | p. 136 |
7.4.1 Phased array | p. 136 |
7.4.2 Adaptive array | p. 137 |
7.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks | p. 140 |
References | p. 140 |
Chapter 8 Multimedia Information Services for LMS | p. 143 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 143 |
8.1.1 What is multimedia? | p. 143 |
8.1.2 Design goals of multimedia systems | p. 144 |
8.2 Multimedia Information Services | p. 145 |
8.2.1 Mobile multimedia services | p. 145 |
8.2.2 Multimedia over LMS issues | p. 146 |
8.2.3 Content | p. 147 |
8.2.4 Reuseable objects, distribution, and delivery mechanisms | p. 147 |
8.2.5 Service from a SATCOM perspective | p. 148 |
8.2.6 Comments on mobile broadband service | p. 149 |
8.2.7 Security | p. 149 |
8.3 Overview of Standards | p. 150 |
8.3.1 MPEG standards for multimedia | p. 150 |
8.3.2 Status of MPEG4 over mobile | p. 151 |
8.3.3 Error resilient video coding | p. 151 |
8.4 Quality of Service Requirements | p. 152 |
8.4.1 Delay | p. 152 |
8.4.2 Error performance | p. 153 |
8.5 A Hypothetical Reference Connection for Land Mobile Satellite | p. 153 |
8.5.1 Error performance apportionment | p. 153 |
8.5.2 Delay and delay equalization | p. 154 |
8.5.3 Sources of delay variation | p. 155 |
8.5.4 Satellite motion induced delay variation | p. 155 |
8.6 Network Service Perspectives | p. 156 |
8.6.1 IP and ATM networks | p. 156 |
8.6.2 Point-to-point service | p. 157 |
8.6.3 Broadcast service | p. 157 |
8.6.4 Multicast service (via satellite) | p. 157 |
8.7 Middleware | p. 158 |
8.7.1 What is middleware? | p. 158 |
8.7.2 Resource allocation and adaptability | p. 158 |
8.8 Summary | p. 159 |
References | p. 160 |
Chapter 9 ATM over SATCOM | p. 163 |
9.1 Introduction to ATM | p. 163 |
9.1.1 The potential benefits of ATM over SATCOM | p. 163 |
9.1.2 Key issues with respect to the operation of ATM over SATCOM | p. 165 |
9.2 The ATM Protocol Stack | p. 167 |
9.2.1 Service classes and the B-ISDN reference model | p. 167 |
9.2.2 ATM cell structure | p. 168 |
9.3 IP/ATM-SATCOM | p. 169 |
9.4 The Traffic Profile and Its Relationship to ATM-SATCOM Links | p. 170 |
9.4.1 Sensitivity to service type and traffic intensity | p. 170 |
9.4.2 SATCOM implications | p. 171 |
9.5 ATM QoS Performance Measures | p. 172 |
9.6 ATM-SATCOM Systems and Developments | p. 173 |
9.7 IMPLEMENTATION OF ATM-SATCOM Networks | p. 174 |
9.7.1 ATM-SATCOM relay | p. 174 |
9.7.2 What are OBP, signal regeneration and OBS? | p. 180 |
9.7.3 Satellite switched ATM | p. 182 |
9.8 CDMA-BASED ATM-SATCOM Connection Admission Control | p. 185 |
9.8.1 Connection admission control | p. 185 |
9.8.2 Capacity-based ATM-SATCOM CAC for the "switch-in-the-sky" | p. 185 |
9.8.3 Capacity-based ATM-SATCOM CAC at the SGT | p. 186 |
9.8.4 ATM-CDMA CAC example | p. 186 |
9.9 Summary | p. 188 |
References | p. 188 |
Chapter 10 TCP/IP over Satellite | p. 191 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 191 |
10.2 Description of TCP/IP | p. 191 |
10.2.1 IP datagram | p. 192 |
10.2.2 TCP segment | p. 193 |
10.3 Key Issues and Limitations | p. 194 |
10.3.1 GEO versus LEO | p. 195 |
10.3.2 Enhanced TCP | p. 195 |
10.3.3 QoS awareness | p. 196 |
10.3.4 IP routing and ATM switching | p. 197 |
10.3.5 IP routing techniques | p. 198 |
10.3.6 IP multicasting | p. 201 |
10.3.7 IP security over SATCOM | p. 201 |
10.3.8 Congestion control | p. 201 |
10.4 TCP/IP Over ATM-SATCOM and the Importance of Error Control | p. 202 |
10.4.1 Performance dependency on TCP window size | p. 202 |
10.4.2 The combined effects of errors, delay, and window size | p. 203 |
10.4.3 TCP acknowledgment mechanism | p. 204 |
10.4.4 The dependency on MTU size and delay | p. 205 |
10.4.5 Dependency on TCP window size and MTU size | p. 207 |
10.5 Summary | p. 207 |
References | p. 207 |
Chapter 11 Traffic Modeling | p. 211 |
11.1 Introduction | p. 211 |
11.2 Poisson Arrivals | p. 212 |
11.2.1 Poisson distribution | p. 213 |
11.2.2 Birth-death process state flow diagram | p. 213 |
11.2.3 Equilibrium equation | p. 214 |
11.2.4 Balance equation | p. 214 |
11.3 Queuing Models | p. 215 |
11.3.1 M/M/1 | p. 215 |
11.3.2 Queuing delay | p. 216 |
11.3.3 General M/M/S/S and M/D/S/S queues | p. 217 |
11.3.4 Erlangs and traffic load | p. 218 |
11.3.5 Grade of service | p. 219 |
11.3.6 Probability of blocking | p. 219 |
11.3.7 Probability of blocking and the Erlang B formula | p. 219 |
11.4 Umts Traffic Considerations | p. 220 |
11.5 Satcom Considerations | p. 221 |
11.5.1 SATCOM delay variance analysis for multimedia component services | p. 221 |
11.5.2 Delay variation common to all ATM VCs on an ATM-SATCOM link | p. 221 |
11.5.3 Delay variation relative to the ATM VCs on an ATM-SATCOM link | p. 222 |
11.6 Summary | p. 224 |
References | p. 224 |
Chapter 12 MAC Layer Considerations | p. 227 |
12.1 Introduction | p. 227 |
12.2 MAC Layer Protocols | p. 227 |
12.2.1 FAMA protocols | p. 229 |
12.2.2 DAMA protocols | p. 229 |
12.2.3 Random access protocols | p. 230 |
12.2.4 Hybrid random access and reservation protocols | p. 230 |
12.2.5 Adaptive protocols | p. 230 |
12.2.6 UMTS MAC protocol point of reference | p. 231 |
12.2.7 Satellite versus terrestrial MAC | p. 232 |
12.2.8 Proprietary MAC versus standard MAC for satellites | p. 233 |
12.3 Connection Admission Control, Resource Allocation, and Management | p. 233 |
12.3.1 Connection admission control | p. 233 |
12.3.2 Channel allocation | p. 234 |
12.3.3 Radio resource allocation and management | p. 235 |
12.4 Capacity and Resource Estimation | p. 235 |
12.4.1 Capacity in Erlangs, blocking, and grade of service | p. 235 |
12.4.2 Resource estimation, accuracy and limitations | p. 237 |
12.4.3 ALOHA and slotted ALOHA | p. 237 |
12.5 Slotted ALOHA for UMTS Voice, Data, and Video Traffic | p. 240 |
12.5.1 Offered traffic in requests per slot | p. 240 |
12.5.2 Total traffic and probability of collision | p. 240 |
12.5.3 Delay and the Pollaczek-Khinchin formula | p. 242 |
12.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks | p. 242 |
References | p. 242 |
Chapter 13 Cost Issues | p. 245 |
13.1 Introduction | p. 245 |
13.2 Cost Model | p. 245 |
13.2.1 Spacecraft mass | p. 246 |
13.2.2 Modeling the mass of the communication payload | p. 247 |
13.2.3 Antennas | p. 248 |
13.2.4 Gimballed assembly, autotrack receiver, and electronics | p. 249 |
13.2.5 Receiver, baseband, and multiplexing | p. 249 |
13.2.6 Power amplifier and assembly | p. 249 |
13.2.7 Processor | p. 249 |
13.2.8 Miscellaneous | p. 249 |
13.2.9 Example SATCOM payload mass | p. 249 |
13.2.10 Development cost | p. 251 |
13.2.11 Propellant and ABM | p. 251 |
13.2.12 Launch cost per kilogram | p. 252 |
13.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks | p. 253 |
References | p. 253 |
Appendix 13A Antenna Size and Mass Data | p. 255 |
Appendix 13B Satellite Mass and Power Data | p. 256 |
Appendix 13C Spacecraft Cost Data in 1998 U.S. Dollar | p. 257 |
Appendix 13D Launch Vehicle and Cost | p. 258 |
Appendix 13E Mass of Communication Payload Components | p. 259 |
Appendix 13F Power Amplifier and Assembly (PAA) Data | p. 260 |
List of Acronyms | p. 261 |
About the Authors | p. 267 |
Index | p. 271 |