Hybrid fiber-optic coaxial networks : how to design, build and implement an enterprise-wide, broadband hybrid fiber-optic coaxial (HFC) network that will carry voice, data and multi-channel, bi-directional video and easily interconnect with standard, carrier-provided ATM and SONET

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Cover image for Hybrid fiber-optic coaxial networks : how to design, build and implement an enterprise-wide, broadband hybrid fiber-optic coaxial (HFC) network that will carry voice, data and multi-channel, bi-directional video and easily interconnect with standard, carrier-provided ATM and SONET

Title:

Personal Author:

Tunmann, Ernest O.

Publication Information:

New York : Flatiron Pub., 1995

ISBN:

9780936648699

Subject Term:

Optical communications -- Design and constructions

Fiber optics -- Design and constructions

Coaxial cables -- Design and constructions

Asynchronous transfer mode

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010018180	TK5105.35 T86 1995	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

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Summary

This book covers the planning, design and implementation of hybrid fiber-optic coaxial (HFC) broadband networks in schools, universities, hospitals, factories and offices, whether they are in a single building or multiple campuses. Within the next few yea

Author Notes

Ernest O. Tunmann, P.E. is president and founder of TE Consulting, Inc. of 18 Michael Rd, Framingham, MA 01701. His company specializes in the planning, design and implementation of bi-directional broadband LANs and video networks for education and healthcare.
Mr. Tunmann's experience in the field of broadband communications dates to 1960 when he was project manager for cable TV system design and implementation for a cable TV manufacturer. He specializes in the planning, design and cost-effective implementation of hybrid fiber/coaxial broadband transmission systems for voice, high speed data and video with ATM and SONET connectivity.

Chapter 1 Video Network Architectures	p. 1
The Enterprise Environment	p. 1
Voice Transmission in Enterprise Networks	p. 2
Data Transmission in Enterprise Networks	p. 3
Video Transmission in Enterprise Networks	p. 4
Gateway Considerations	p. 4
The Comparison Model	p. 5
The Fiber-Optic Delivery System	p. 5
Cost Considerations	p. 6
Technical Considerations	p. 8
Summary	p. 8
The Hybrid Fiber-optic Delivery System (HFC)	p. 9
Cost Considerations	p. 11
Technical Considerations	p. 12
Summary	p. 12
The Coaxial Delivery System	p. 13
Cost Considerations	p. 13
Technical Considerations	p. 14
Summary	p. 14
Recommendations for Single Buildings	p. 17
Building Sizes	p. 17
Number of Floors	p. 17
Number of Outlets	p. 18
Number of Outlets per Floor	p. 18
Location of the Riser	p. 18
Length of Service Drops	p. 19
Number of Amplifiers	p. 19
Maximum Amplifier Cascade	p. 19
Examples of Single Building served by Broadband Coaxial Cable	p. 19
Recommendations for Multiple Buildings	p. 20
Fiber to all Buildings	p. 24
Fiber to Buildings with 2 Amplifiers-Coaxial Service to Buildings with 1 Amplifier	p. 25
Fiber plus 1 Trunk Spacing to Buildings with 2 Amplifiers and 2 Trunk Spacings to Buildings with 1 Amplifier	p. 26
Fiber to Selective Node Locations, 2 Trunk Spacings and 2 Building Amplifiers for Coaxial Cable Service	p. 27
Network Design Groundrules	p. 28
Chapter 2 Spectrum Utilization	p. 29
The Capacity of a Broadband Coaxial Cable	p. 29
The Sub-split System	p. 30
Sub-split Spectrum Utilization Considerations	p. 31
The 5 to 30 MHz Spectrum	p. 31
The 30 to 54 MHz Spectrum	p. 31
The 54 to 88 MHz Spectrum	p. 31
The 88 to 108 MHz Spectrum	p. 31
The 108 to 120 MHz Spectrum	p. 32
The 120 to 750 MHz Spectrum	p. 32
Two way Transmission	p. 32
Conclusions	p. 32
The Mid-split System	p. 33
Mid-split Spectrum Utilization Considerations	p. 33
The 5 to 112 MHz Spectrum	p. 33
The 112 to 150 MHz Spectrum	p. 35
The 150 to 750 MHz Spectrum	p. 35
Two-way Transmission	p. 35
Conclusions	p. 37
The High-split System	p. 37
High-split Spectrum Utilization Considerations	p. 38
The 5 to 186 MHz Spectrum	p. 38
The 186 to 222 MHz Spectrum	p. 38
The 222 to 750 MHz Spectrum	p. 38
The Dual-Cable System	p. 39
Other Spectrum Utilization Approaches	p. 41
Chapter 3 Analog and Digital Video Transmission	p. 43
The Video Universe	p. 43
Broadcast Television	p. 43
Cable Television	p. 44
Wireless TV distribution Systems	p. 46
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS)	p. 46
Cellular Television	p. 47
Direct Broadcast Satellite Service(DBS)	p. 48
Closed Circuit Television(CCTV)	p. 49
Instructional Two-way Television	p. 49
Video Teleconferencing	p. 50
Corporate Teleconferencing	p. 50
Distance Learning	p. 51
Telemedicine	p. 51
Desktop Videoconferencing	p. 52
The NTSC Analog Video Transmission Standard	p. 53
Disadvantages of NTSC analog Video	p. 53
The Interference Potential	p. 53
Regional Standardization	p. 54
The Many Advantages of Analog Video	p. 54
The New Digital Video Standards	p. 55
MPEG-2 Broadcast Quality Television	p. 55
The MPEG-2 Compression Standard	p. 56
The MPEG-2 Transmission Standard	p. 57
The Advantages of MPEG-2 Transmission	p. 59
The Disadvantages of MPEG-2 Transmission	p. 59
Advanced Television (ATV) or High-Definition Television (HDTV)	p. 59
The MPEG-1 Standard	p. 60
Desktop Video Standards	p. 61
Reflections	p. 62
Present and Future Public Network Long-Distance Standards	p. 65
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network and Switched 56 Kbit/s	p. 65
T-1 Networking	p. 66
T-1C Networking	p. 68
The Digital Transmission Hierarchy	p. 68
US or North American Formats	p. 69
International Formats	p. 69
Global Standards	p. 69
Video Transmission	p. 70
HFC Transmission	p. 70
The DS-3/T-3 Standard	p. 71
SONET and ATM Switching	p. 71
Framing	p. 71
The Synchronous Transport Signal (STS)	p. 72
SONET Payloads and Overheads	p. 73
ATM Switching	p. 74
The SONET Ring Architecture	p. 76
MPEG-2 on ATM	p. 78
Reflections	p. 79
Chapter 4 The Gateway and Operations Center	p. 81
The Control Center for Intra-Enterprise Traffic	p. 82
The Functions of the Control Center	p. 82
Off-air Satellite Reception	p. 84
Automation	p. 86
Recording of Programs	p. 86
Storage of Video Programs	p. 87
Channel Assignment	p. 88
Editing and Authoring	p. 88
Program Origination and Scheduled Programming	p. 89
Video Retrieval and Video-on-Demand	p. 89
The Interactive Classroom	p. 90
Voice and Data Traffic	p. 92
Desktop Videoconferencing	p. 92
Network Management	p. 93
The Gateway to the Outside World	p. 93
The Functions of the Gateway	p. 93
Distributed Distance Learning	p. 94
Distributed Telemedicine	p. 96
Desktop Videoconferencing	p. 96
Telephony and Data	p. 97
Personal Communications Service (PCS)	p. 97
Chapter 5 The HFC Broadband Network Components and Performance	p. 99
HFC Network Architectures	p. 99
The Fiber Star and Coaxial Tree-and-Branch	p. 99
The Fiber Ring and Coaxial Tree-and-Branch	p. 102
Similarities of Fiber-optic and Coaxial Cables	p. 103
The Spectrum Capacity	p. 103
Amplitude RF Modulation	p. 104
Analog and Digital Transmission	p. 104
The Differences between Fiber-optic and Coaxial Cables	p. 105
The Attenuation Difference	p. 105
The Distribution Difference	p. 105
The Power-Carrying Capacity Difference	p. 106
Optimizing the HFC Network	p. 106
Optimizing the Reliability	p. 107
The Reliability of the Enterprise HFC Network	p. 108
Optimizing the Quality of Performance	p. 108
Outlet Levels	p. 108
The Carrier-to-Noise Ratio	p. 109
The FO Transmitter C/N	p. 109
The Fiber Cable C/N	p. 109
The FO Receiver C/N	p. 110
The Broadband Amplifier C/N	p. 110
The System C/N	p. 111
The Composite Triple Beat	p. 112
The Fiber-optic Segment	p. 113
The Coaxial Segment	p. 114
Conclusions	p. 115
Chapter 6 Planning the HFC Network	p. 117
Inside-Plant Considerations	p. 117
The Operations Center	p. 117
Finding the Location	p. 118
Equipment, Power and Space Considerations	p. 119
Inside-Plant Data Collection	p. 120
Building-Entry Locations	p. 121
MDF Mounting Considerations	p. 122
IDF Mounting Considerations	p. 123
Locating the Broadband Outlets	p. 124
The 150 ft. Service Drop	p. 127
Riser Cable Considerations	p. 128
Outside-Plant Data Collection	p. 129
Aerial Plant Data	p. 129
Make-Ready Considerations	p. 129
UG Conduit Data Collection	p. 130
Manhole Locations and Sizes	p. 131
Conduit Availability and Space Requirements	p. 131
Cable Construction in Steam Tunnels	p. 133
New Conduit Construction	p. 133
Chapter 7 The Design Information Checklist	p. 135
In-Building Information	p. 135
Buildings, Floors, Rooms and Outlets	p. 137
Supplementary Building Data	p. 141
Outside-Plant Information	p. 142
Aerial Pole Line Data	p. 144
New Conduit Construction	p. 144
Existing Conduit Data	p. 145
The HFC Criteria	p. 146
HFC Alternatives	p. 147
Fiber to all Buildings	p. 147
The Optimized HFC System	p. 148
Chapter 8 The HFC Network Components	p. 151
Fiber-optic Cable and Equipment	p. 152
Single-mode Fiber-optic Cables	p. 152
Common Specifications	p. 152
The Loose Tube Cable	p. 153
The Tight Buffer Cable	p. 154
The Breakout Cable	p. 155
Fiber-optic Termination Equipment	p. 155
Distribution and Storage Panels	p. 155
Single-mode Patch Cords	p. 156
Single-mode Fiber Connectors and Access	p. 156
Fiber-optic Transmission Equipment	p. 157
Single-channel Transmitters	p. 157
Multichannel Transmitters	p. 157
Multichannel Receivers	p. 159
Fault Alarm and Telemetry	p. 159
Coaxial Cable and Equipment	p. 160
Coaxial Cables	p. 160
Outside-Plant Cables	p. 160
Standard Dielectric Cables	p. 160
Special Dielectric Cables	p. 162
Inside-Plant Cables	p. 163
Riser-rated Distribution Cables	p. 164
Plenum-rated Distribution Cables	p. 165
Service Drop Cables	p. 166
Broadband Amplifiers	p. 168
Trunk Amplifiers	p. 168
Distribution Amplifiers	p. 169
Passive Components	p. 170
Splitters, Directional Couplers	p. 171
Power Inserter Specifications	p. 172
Multitaps	p. 172
4-port Multitaps	p. 173
8-port Multitaps	p. 174
Coaxial-Cable Connectors	p. 175
Housing Connectors	p. 175
Housing-to-Housing Connectors	p. 176
Housing Terminators	p. 176
Service Drop Connectors	p. 176
F-Terminations	p. 176
Power Supplies for Coaxial Cables	p. 177
HFC Access Equipment	p. 177
RF Modulators	p. 177
RF Demodulators	p. 179
Matrix Switching Equipment	p. 180
Chapter 9 The HFC Broadband Network Design Process - Inside-Plant Design	p. 183
Inside-Plant Design - From Service Drop to Building-Entry Locations	p. 184
Designing the Service Drop	p. 185
Outlet Levels	p. 185
Cable Selection	p. 186
The Shielding Properties	p. 186
The Attenuation Properties	p. 187
The Handling Properties and Costs	p. 188
The 150 ft. Limitation	p. 189
Forward Level Calculations	p. 190
Forward Calculation Summary	p. 192
Return Level Calculations	p. 192
Return Level Summary	p. 194
Designing the Riser Distribution Network	p. 195
The Building-Entry Loaction or the Single-Building Headend	p. 195
Cable Selection	p. 196
The Attenuation Properties	p. 197
The Selection of Amplifiers	p. 198
The Selection of Passives and Multitaps	p. 199
The Mechanical Properties	p. 199
The Electrical Properties	p. 200
The Riser Design Process for Transmission in the Forward Direction	p. 203
The Design of the Building No. 158 Riser Network	p. 203
Redesign of the Building No. 158 Riser Network	p. 209
The Design of a High-Rise Building	p. 211
The Trial Design	p. 213
Service to other Floors	p. 213
The Symmetrical Riser Design	p. 215
The Forward Transmission Design of a Large Horizontal Building	p. 217
The Riser Design Process for Transmissions in the Return Direction	p. 219
Return Transmission in Building #158	p. 219
Building #158 - Return Transmission Summary	p. 222
Return Transmission in the High-Rise Building	p. 223
Return Transmission in the Large Horizontal Building	p. 227
The Design Documentation	p. 227
Chapter 10 The HFC Broadband Network Design Process - Outside-Plant Design	p. 231
The Hypothetical Campus Layout	p. 231
Optimizing the HFC System	p. 232
Optimizing the Hypothetical Campus HFC System	p. 232
Summary of Trade-off Considerations	p. 233
The Broadband Coaxial Outside-Plant Segments	p. 235
The Forward Transmission Design	p. 235
Cable Selection	p. 235
Amplifier Selection	p. 236
Forward Level Calculations (Area 1)	p. 238
Forward Level Calculations (Area 2)	p. 241
Forward Level Calculations (Area 3)	p. 243
The Return Transmission Design	p. 246
Return Level Calculations (Area 1)	p. 246
Return Level Calculations (Area 2)	p. 247
Return Level Calculations (Area 3)	p. 248
Outside-Plant Design Documentation	p. 249
The Fiber-optic Outside-Plant Segments	p. 250
Fiber-optic Transmission Considerations	p. 250
Directivity	p. 250
Measurement Units	p. 250
Modulation Methods and RF Transmission	p. 250
Analog vs. Digital Transmission	p. 250
Baseband Transmission	p. 251
Wavelength and Attenuation	p. 251
Star, Tree and Ring	p. 251
The Forward Transmission Design	p. 253
Cable Selection	p. 253
Cable Routing Options	p. 254
The Transmission Equipment	p. 255
The Transmitter	p. 255
The Link Budget	p. 256
Optical Couplers	p. 256
Receivers	p. 257
Forward Transmission Calculations	p. 258
The Trial Design	p. 258
Final Design	p. 259
The Return Transmission Design	p. 260
Transmission Equipment	p. 260
Return Transmission Calculations	p. 261
Alternative Return Transmission Architectures and Cost Budgets	p. 261
Alternative 1 - The Fiber-optic Return in a Star Topology	p. 261
Alternative 2 - The Coaxial Return in a Tree-and-Branch Topology	p. 263
Alternative 3 - The Fiber-optic Return in a bi-directional Ring Topology	p. 265
Conclusions	p. 267
Chapter 11 HFC Installation Considerations	p. 269
Planning for the Installation	p. 270
Existing Plant Inventory	p. 271
The Universal Wiring Plan	p. 271
Installation Standards of the HFC Network	p. 272
New UG Duct Installation	p. 272
Installation in Steam Tunnels and Buildings	p. 273
Cable Installation in UG Ducts	p. 273
Equipment Mounting and Cable Splicing	p. 274
Installation in Risers	p. 276
The Installation of Service Drops	p. 276
Installation using Wire Trays	p. 276
Over-the-Ceiling Installation	p. 277
Installation in Molding	p. 277
Service Drop Termonations at the IDF	p. 277
Universal Outlets	p. 277
Cable Marking	p. 278
Finalizing the Installation Plan	p. 278
Outside-Plant Routing	p. 278
Inside-Plant Routing	p. 279
Chapter 12 Acceptance-Testing and Documentation	p. 281
Admission Tests	p. 282
Cable Reel Testing	p. 282
Fiber-optic Cable OTDR Admission Test	p. 282
Coaxial Cable TDR Admission Test	p. 282
Passive Equipment	p. 282
Amplifier Burn-in	p. 283
Fiber-optic Transceivers	p. 283
Functional Testing	p. 283
Fiber-optic Cable OTDR Testing	p. 283
Coaxial Cable TDR Testing	p. 284
Physical Inspection	p. 284
Activation and Sweep-Testing in the Forward Direction	p. 284
Activation and Sweep-Testing in the Return Direction	p. 285
Outlet Level Testing	p. 286
Cumulative Leakage Index (CLI) Testing	p. 286
Acceptance-Testing	p. 287
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N)	p. 287
The Hum Component	p. 288
Loop Testing	p. 288
Operational Tests	p. 289
Documentation	p. 289
Installation Documentation	p. 290
Test Documentation	p. 290
Miscellaneous Documentation	p. 291
Contract Data Delivery	p. 291
Chapter 13 The HFC Proposal Specifications	p. 293
Qualifying the Bidder	p. 294
Scope of Work	p. 294
System Description	p. 294
Responsibilities of the Contractor	p. 295
The Project Timetable	p. 296
Bid Response Requirements	p. 297
Owner-Provided Activities	p. 298
Provision for 110 Vac Power	p. 298
Storage and Office Space	p. 298
Access	p. 298
Project Management Requirements	p. 299
Technical Specifications	p. 300
Hardware and Equipment	p. 300
Software	p. 300
Installation Specifications	p. 301
Acceptance-Test Specifications	p. 301
Documentation Requirements	p. 302
Thoughts in Closing	p. 303

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Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents