Air-ice-ocean Interaction : turbulent ocean boundary layer exchange processes

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Title:

Personal Author:

McPhee, Miles

Publication Information:

New York, NY : Springer, 2008

Physical Description:

ix, 215 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9780387783345

Subject Term:

Ocean-atmosphere interaction

Turbulent boundary layer

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010193870	GC190.2 M37 2008	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

At a time when the polar regions are undergoing rapid and unprecedented change, understanding exchanges of momentum, heat and salt at the ice-ocean interface is critical for realistically predicting the future state of sea ice. By offering a measurement platform largely unaffected by surface waves, drifting sea ice provides a unique laboratory for studying aspects of geophysical boundary layer flows that are extremely difficult to measure elsewhere. This book draws on both extensive observations and theoretical principles to develop a concise description of the impact of stress, rotation, and buoyancy on the turbulence scales that control exchanges between the atmosphere and underlying ocean when sea ice is present. Several interesting and unique observational data sets are used to illustrate different aspects of ice-ocean interaction ranging from the impact of salt on melting in the Greenland Sea marginal ice zone, to how nonlinearities in the equation of state for seawater affect mixing in the Weddell Sea.

The book's content, developed from a series of lectures, may be appropriate additional material for upper-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students studying the geophysics of sea ice and planetary boundary layers.

Author Notes

Miles McPhee performs geophysical research, focused on polar regions, both from McPhee Research Company and as affiliate principal scientist at the University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory

1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Arctic Change	p. 1
1.2 The Southern Ocean	p. 7
1.3 Ekman's Seminal Paper	p. 8
1.4 Polar Boundary-Layer Field Studies	p. 10
1.5 Roadmap	p. 12
References	p. 13
2 Basic Physical Concepts	p. 15
2.1 Conservation Equations in Fluids	p. 15
2.2 Reynolds Fluxes	p. 16
2.3 Rotation: The Coriolis Force and Geostrophy	p. 18
2.3.1 Geostrophic Shear	p. 19
2.4 Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 19
2.5 Inertial Oscillations	p. 20
2.6 Ekman Pumping	p. 24
2.7 The Equation of State for Seawater	p. 28
References	p. 36
3 Turbulence Basics	p. 39
3.1 General Characteristics	p. 39
3.2 IOBL Measurement Techniques and Examples	p. 40
3.2.1 Smith Rotors	p. 40
3.2.2 Turbulence Instrument Clusters	p. 41
3.2.3 Momentum and Scalar Flux Measurements	p. 43
3.2.4 Estimating Confidence Limits for Covariance Calculations	p. 46
3.2.5 Averaging Time and the Spectral Gap	p. 48
3.3 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Equation	p. 51
3.4 Scalar Variance Conservation	p. 53
3.5 Turbulence Spectra and the Energy Cascade	p. 54
3.6 Mixing Length, Eddy Viscosity, and the w Spectrum	p. 58
3.7 Scalar Spectra	p. 60
References	p. 62
4 Similarity for the Ice/Ocean Boundary Layer	p. 65
4.1 The Surface Layer	p. 65
4.1.1 Mixing Length in the Neutral Surface Layer	p. 67
4.1.2 The Law of the Wall and Surface Roughness Length	p. 67
4.1.3 Monin-Obukhov Similarity	p. 68
4.2 The Outer Layer	p. 70
4.2.1 Similarity for Turbulent Stress in the Outer Layer	p. 72
4.2.2 Rossby Similarity for the Neutral IOBL	p. 74
4.2.3 Similarity for the Stably Stratified IOBL	p. 77
4.3 IOBL Similarity and the Atmospheric Boundary Layer	p. 81
4.3.1 Dimensionless Shear	p. 81
4.3.2 The Rossby-Similarity Parameters for Stable Stratification	p. 83
4.4 Ice-Edge Bands	p. 83
References	p. 85
5 Turbulence Scales for the Ice/Ocean Boundary Layer	p. 87
5.1 Neutral OBL Scales	p. 87
5.1.1 Ice Station Weddell	p. 87
5.1.2 Ice Station Polarstern	p. 93
5.2 The IOBL with Stabilizing Boundary Buoyancy Flux	p. 95
5.3 The Statically Unstable IOBL	p. 98
5.4 Velocity Scales in the IOBL	p. 102
5.5 Summary of IOBL Scales	p. 105
References	p. 107
6 The Ice/Ocean Interface	p. 109
6.1 Enthalpy and Salt Balance at the Interface	p. 110
6.2 Turbulent Exchange Coefficients	p. 112
6.3 The "Three-Equation" Interface Solution	p. 114
6.4 Heat Flux Measurements and the Stanton Number for Sea Ice	p. 116
6.5 Double Diffusion-Melting	p. 118
6.6 Double Diffusion and False Bottoms	p. 119
6.7 Freezing-Is Double Diffusion Important?	p. 125
References	p. 130
7 A Numerical Model for the Ice/Ocean Boundary Layer	p. 133
7.1 Difference Equations	p. 133
7.2 Boundary Conditions	p. 135
7.2.1 Flux of Variable [theta] Specified at Upper Surface	p. 136
7.2.2 Variable [theta] Specified at Upper Surface	p. 136
7.2.3 Dynamic Momentum Flux Condition	p. 137
7.2.4 Flux of [theta] Specified at the Bottom of Model Domain	p. 138
7.2.5 [theta] Specified at the Bottom of the Model Domain	p. 138
7.3 Steady-State Momentum Equation	p. 139
7.4 Distributed Sources	p. 139
7.5 Solution Technique	p. 140
7.6 The Local Turbulence Closure Model	p. 140
7.7 The Ice/Ocean Interface Submodel	p. 143
References	p. 143
8 LTC Modeling Examples	p. 145
8.1 Diurnal Heating Near the Solstice, SHEBA	p. 146
8.2 Inertial Oscillations in Late Summer, SHEBA	p. 151
8.2.1 Wind Forced Model	p. 151
8.2.2 Models Forced by Surface Velocity	p. 157
8.2.3 Short-Term Velocity Prediction	p. 160
8.3 Marginal Static Stability, MaudNESS	p. 162
References	p. 170
9 The Steady Local Turbulence Closure Model	p. 173
9.1 Model Description	p. 176
9.2 The Eddy Viscosity/Diffusivity Iteration	p. 177
9.3 Applications	p. 184
9.3.1 Ice Station Polarstern	p. 184
9.3.2 Underice Hydraulic Roughness for SHEBA	p. 186
9.3.3 SHEBA Time Series	p. 189
References	p. 192
Colour Plate Section	p. 193
Index	p. 213

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Table of Contents