Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010209864 | QC880.4.T5 N67 2009 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
On Order
Summary
Summary
This textbook presents a uniquely integrated approach in linking both physics and chemistry to the study of atmospheric thermodynamics. The book explains the classical laws of thermodynamics, focuses on various fluid systems, and, recognising the increasing importance of chemistry in the meteorological and climate sciences, devotes a chapter to chemical thermodynamics which includes an overview of photochemistry. Although students are expected to have some background knowledge of calculus, general chemistry and classical physics, the book provides set-aside refresher boxes as useful reminders. It contains over 100 diagrams and graphs to supplement the discussions, and a similar number of worked examples and exercises, with solutions included at the end of the book. It is ideal for a single-semester advanced course on atmospheric thermodynamics, and will prepare students for higher-level synoptic and dynamics courses.
Author Notes
Gerald R. North received a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Wisconsin in 1966, and has been a Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Texas AM University for over 20 years. His notable research career includes receiving the Outstanding Publication Award, National Center for Atmospheric Research in 1975, the Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal for NASA in 1983, and the Jule G. Charney Award from the American Meteorological Society in 2008.
Tatiana L. Erukhimova received a Ph.D. in Physics from the Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, in 1999, and is now a Lecturer in the Department of Physics at Texas AM University. Her areas of research include large-scale and mesoscale atmospheric transport and mixing, atmospheric wave dynamics, atmospheric ozone, and remote sensing.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
1 Introductory concepts | p. 1 |
1.1 Units | p. 2 |
1.2 Earth, weight and mass | p. 3 |
1.3 Systems and equilibrium | p. 7 |
1.4 Constraints | p. 12 |
1.5 Intensive and extensive quantities | p. 13 |
1.6 System boundaries | p. 14 |
1.7 Thermodynamics and atmospheric science | p. 16 |
Notes | p. 17 |
Notation and abbreviations | p. 18 |
Problems | p. 18 |
2 Gases | p. 20 |
2.1 Ideal gas basics | p. 20 |
2.2 Distribution of velocities | p. 29 |
2.3 Flux of molecules striking a wall | p. 35 |
2.4 Moles, etc. | p. 36 |
2.5 Dalton's Law | p. 39 |
Notes | p. 41 |
Notation and abbreviations | p. 41 |
Problems | p. 42 |
3 The First Law of Thermodynamics | p. 44 |
3.1 Reversible and irreversible work | p. 47 |
3.2 Heating a system | p. 48 |
3.3 Ideal gas results | p. 51 |
3.4 Enthalpy | p. 61 |
3.5 Standard enthalpy of fusion and vaporization | p. 63 |
Notes | p. 65 |
Notation and abbreviations | p. 65 |
Problems | p. 66 |
4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics | p. 69 |
4.1 Entropy | p. 73 |
4.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics | p. 76 |
4.3 Systems and reversibility | p. 77 |
4.4 Additivity of entropy | p. 78 |
4.5 Extremum principle | p. 82 |
4.6 Entropy summary | p. 87 |
4.7 Criteria for equilibrium | p. 88 |
4.8 Gibbs energy | p. 89 |
4.9 Multiple components | p. 93 |
Notes | p. 95 |
Notation and abbreviations | p. 96 |
Problems | p. 96 |
5 Air and water | p. 99 |
5.1 Vapor pressure | p. 99 |
5.2 Saturation vapor pressure | p. 102 |
5.3 Van der Waals equation | p. 103 |
5.4 Multiple phase systems | p. 105 |
5.5 Phase boundaries | p. 107 |
5.6 Clausius-Clapeyron equation | p. 109 |
5.7 Integration of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation | p. 110 |
5.8 Mixing air and water | p. 112 |
5.9 Wet-bulb temperature, LCL | p. 117 |
5.10 Equilibrium vapor pressure over a curved surface | p. 121 |
5.11 Isobaric mixing of air parcels | p. 130 |
Notes | p. 131 |
Notation and abbreviations | p. 131 |
Problems | p. 132 |
6 Profiles of the atmosphere | p. 134 |
6.1 Pressure versus height | p. 134 |
6.2 Slope of the dry adiabat | p. 138 |
6.3 Geopotential height and thickness | p. 141 |
6.4 Archimedes' Principle | p. 143 |
6.5 Stability | p. 145 |
6.6 Vertical oscillations | p. 147 |
6.7 Where is the LCL? | p. 149 |
6.8 Slope of a moist adiabat | p. 152 |
6.9 Lifting moist air | p. 154 |
6.10 Moist static energy | p. 158 |
6.11 Profiles of well-mixed layers | p. 158 |
Notes | p. 161 |
Notation and abbreviations | p. 161 |
Problems | p. 162 |
7 Thermodynamic charts | p. 163 |
7.1 Areas and energy | p. 164 |
7.2 Skew T diagram | p. 166 |
7.3 Chart exercises | p. 170 |
7.4 Stability problem: example sounding | p. 178 |
7.5 Convective available potential energy (CAPE) | p. 181 |
Notation and abbreviations | p. 186 |
Problems | p. 186 |
8 Thermochemistry | p. 191 |
8.1 Standard enthalpy of formation | p. 192 |
8.2 Photochemistry | p. 194 |
8.3 Gibbs energy for chemical reactions | p. 199 |
8.4 Elementary kinetics | p. 201 |
8.5 Equilibrium constant | p. 206 |
8.6 Solutions | p. 211 |
Notes | p. 217 |
Notation and abbreviations | p. 217 |
Problems | p. 218 |
9 The Thermodynamic equation | p. 220 |
9.1 Scalar and vector fields | p. 225 |
9.2 Pressure gradient force | p. 228 |
9.3 Surface integrals and flux | p. 230 |
9.4 Conduction of heat | p. 232 |
9.5 Two-dimensional divergence | p. 234 |
9.6 Three-dimensional divergence | p. 237 |
9.7 Divergence theorem | p. 239 |
9.8 Continuity equation | p. 240 |
9.9 Material derivative | p. 242 |
9.10 Thermodynamic equation | p. 243 |
9.11 Potential temperature form | p. 245 |
9.12 Contributions to DQ$$/Dt | p. 245 |
Notes | p. 246 |
Notation and abbreviations | p. 246 |
Problems | p. 247 |
Appendix A Units and numerical values of constants | p. 249 |
Appendix B Notation and abbreviations | p. 252 |
Appendix C Answers for selected problems | p. 258 |
Bibliography | p. 263 |
Index | p. 265 |