Chassis design : principles and analysis

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Title:

Personal Author:

Milliken, William F., 1911-

Publication Information:

Warrendale, PA : Society of Automotive Engineers, 2002

ISBN:

9780768008265

Subject Term:

Automobiles -- Chassis -- Design and construction

Added Author:

Milliken, Douglas L., 1954-

Olley, Maurice, 1889-1972

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010126128	TL255 M54 2002	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ KL	30000010126127	TL255 M54 2002	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Chassis Design: Principles and Analysis is based on Olley's technical writings, and is the first complete presentation of his life and work. This new book provides insight into the development of chassis technology and its practical application by a master. Many examples are worked out in the text and the analytical developments are grounded by Olley's years of design experience. Well-illustrated with over 400 figures and tables, as well as numerous appendices.

Foreword	p. vii
Authors' Preface	p. ix
Origins and Objectives	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xv
List of Plates	p. xxv
List of Figures	p. xxvii
List of Tables	p. xxxv
1. Maurice Olley-His Life and Times	p. 1
1.1. Reminiscences	p. 1
1.2. Chronology-Maurice Olley	p. 28
1.3. Holyhead Road	p. 37
1.4. Olley's Associates	p. 42
1.5. Introduction to the Monographs	p. 42
1.6. Suspension (General Discussion)	p. 46
2. Tires and Steady-State Cornering-Slip Angle Effects (Primary)	p. 49
2.1. Introduction	p. 49
Part A Simplified Tire Models	p. 51
2.2. Tires	p. 51
Effect of Slip Angle on Lateral Force	p. 58
Mathematical Representation of Lateral Force vs. Slip Angle	p. 59
Further Study of Parabola	p. 66
Notes on the Olley Tire Model	p. 69
Note on Wheel and Tire	p. 71
Part B Bicycle Model Examples	p. 74
2.3. Steady-State Turns (General Discussion)	p. 74
Introduction	p. 74
Steady-State Turns	p. 74
Camber Steer-In a Parallel Independent Front Suspension (IFS)	p. 77
Roll Steer	p. 77
Changes in Steer Angle at the Front Wheels	p. 78
2.4. Calculating Steady-State Steering Characteristics (Bicycle Model)	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Measuring Steering Characteristics	p. 83
Examples	p. 84
Conventional Constant Radius/Variable Speed Skid Pad Test	p. 88
The "Infinite Skid Pad" (Testing at Constant Speed)	p. 89
Fixed Steering Angle	p. 92
Part C Four-Wheel Model Examples	p. 93
2.5. Lateral Weight Transfer Effect (Wheel Pair)	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Distribution of the Roll Moment (about the Ground)	p. 94
Roll Moment Effects	p. 95
Roll Moment Effects-Analysis Based on the Layout of Figure 2.30 and Notation of Figure 2.29	p. 97
2.6. Calculating Steady-State Steering Characteristics with Lateral Load Transfer Distribution (LLTD)	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Tires	p. 102
Summary of Steady-State Equations	p. 102
Some Variations	p. 108
Tire Lateral Forces	p. 112
2.7. Traction Effects	p. 116
Introduction	p. 116
Rolling Resistance	p. 120
Combined Longitudinal and Lateral Tire Force	p. 121
Power Required	p. 127
2.8. Neutral Steer Point and Static Margin	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Neutral Steer Point	p. 128
2.9. Swing Axle	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Approximate Figuring of Swing Axle	p. 136
Roll Moments	p. 136
Swing Axle	p. 145
"De-Stabilizing" the Swing Axle	p. 153
2.10. Summary of Steady-State Steering (Primary Effects)	p. 157
2.11. Summary of Calculations in Sections 2.4 through 2.9	p. 162
Section 2.4	p. 162
Section 2.5	p. 162
Section 2.6	p. 164
Section 2.7	p. 164
Section 2.8	p. 165
Section 2.9	p. 165
3. Steady-State Cornering-Steer Effects (Secondary)	p. 167
3.1. Introduction	p. 167
Note on Understeer/Oversteer as Measured in Skid Pad Tests	p. 168
3.2. Roll Effects	p. 169
Inclined Roll Axis	p. 172
3.3. Wheel Control (Rear Axle)	p. 173
Rear Axle	p. 173
Hotchkiss Rear Axle	p. 175
Torque Tube Rear Axle (and Panhard Rod)	p. 177
Four-Link Rear Axle	p. 178
Three-Link and Panhard Rod	p. 179
Offset Torque Arm	p. 181
Swing Axle Geometry	p. 182
3.4. Wheel Control (Front Suspensions and Steering)	p. 185
Roll Steer of Front Wheels	p. 185
Front Axle	p. 185
Forward Steering	p. 187
Geometry in Roll	p. 187
Leaf Spring Geometry	p. 188
Front Axle Center Point	p. 189
Independent Front Suspension	p. 190
Wishbone Suspension	p. 190
Rear Steering Linkage	p. 191
Forward Steering Linkage	p. 193
3.5. Understeer and Oversteer Effects, Front and Rear	p. 194
3.6. Torque Steer	p. 195
3.7. Lateral Deflection Steer	p. 196
Flexibility of Steering Linkage	p. 198
Timing of Lateral Deflection Steer	p. 198
Rear-Steer Effects	p. 199
3.8. Straight Running	p. 200
3.9. Suspension Geometry Effects	p. 202
Toe-In and Camber	p. 202
Camber-Change Variations (Wishbone Suspension)	p. 203
Caster	p. 209
Kingpin Angle	p. 209
Wheelfight	p. 211
3.10. Effect of Road Surface	p. 211
3.11. Wind Handling	p. 212
Introduction	p. 212
Yaw Damping Due to the Tires	p. 213
Path of Car	p. 215
Factors Affecting Wind Handling	p. 218
3.12. Summary	p. 220
4. Transient Cornering	p. 223
4.1. Introduction	p. 223
4.2. Checkerboard Test (Stonex)	p. 224
4.3. Qualitative Transient Description (Schilling)	p. 232
Turn without Roll-No Understeer or Oversteer	p. 233
Turn with Roll	p. 237
4.4. Linear Analysis	p. 241
4.5. CAL Results (Segel)	p. 242
4.6. Turn Entry Transient (Olley)	p. 244
4.7. Moment of Inertia and Wheelbase	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Estimated k[superscript 2]/ab in Plan View	p. 252
4.8. Steering when Moving Forward	p. 253
Time Response	p. 253
Response Plots for a Modern Car	p. 255
Steering when Moving Forward, Steady State	p. 256
4.9. Steering when Moving in Reverse	p. 259
Comments on Steering in Forward and Reverse	p. 262
Time Response in Reverse	p. 262
4.10. Boat Steering and Truck in Reverse	p. 263
Boat Steering	p. 263
Truck in Reverse	p. 265
4.11. Note on Ackermann l/R Approximation	p. 266
4.12. Summary	p. 267
5. Ride	p. 269
5.1. Introduction	p. 269
5.2. Dry Friction	p. 272
5.3. Fluid Damping	p. 273
5.4. Steel Springs: Work Storage Analysis	p. 277
5.5. Work Stored in Springs	p. 281
Round Wire Helical Spring in Compression, or Torsion Rod	p. 284
5.6. Toggles and Self-Leveling	p. 285
5.7. Two Degrees of Freedom	p. 288
5.8. The Rowell and Guest Treatment	p. 289
Spring Center O	p. 290
CG of Sprung Mass	p. 291
Pitch Stability	p. 291
Oscillation Centers	p. 297
5.9. Actual Ride Frequencies	p. 301
5.10. Height of Oscillation Centers and Sprung CG	p. 301
5.11. Additional Material on the Two-Degree-of-Freedom Ride Model	p. 303
5.12. Unsprung Weight	p. 314
5.13. Independent Suspension	p. 315
5.14. Multiple Suspension	p. 317
5.15. Summary	p. 318
6. Oscillations of the Unsprung	p. 321
6.1. Introduction	p. 321
6.2. Shimmy Dynamics and Its Cures	p. 322
Center-Point Steering	p. 328
Kingpin in the Wheel Plane	p. 328
Drag-Link Springs	p. 328
Shimmy Shackle	p. 329
Compensated Tie Rods	p. 329
Independent Suspension Mechanisms	p. 331
6.3. Wheelfight	p. 335
Introduction	p. 336
Steering Gear Resonance	p. 338
Wheelfight Cures	p. 340
Effect on Wheelfight (Schilling, "Handling Factors," 1938)	p. 340
6.4. Caster Wobble (Olley)	p. 347
Case Study-Chevrolet with Dubonnet IFS	p. 347
Road Speed	p. 349
Road Surface	p. 349
Engine Mount	p. 349
Summary-Caster Wobble	p. 349
6.5. Wheel Hop	p. 351
Introduction	p. 351
Damping of the Sprung and Unsprung Masses	p. 351
Harmonic Wheel Hop Absorbers	p. 354
Frequency of Wheel Hop	p. 357
Shock Absorbers	p. 357
6.6. Fore and Aft Forces	p. 359
6.7. Washboard Roads	p. 361
6.8. Brake Hop	p. 364
6.9. Reverse Power Hop	p. 367
Note on Reverse Power Hop (Offset Torque Arm)	p. 369
6.10. Axle Tramp	p. 370
"Sculling Action"	p. 371
6.11. Crane-Simplex Linkage	p. 374
6.12. Damping of a Swing Axle	p. 375
6.13. Note on Raised Roll Center without Swing Axle	p. 381
6.14. Handling Factors (Report by Robert Schilling, GMPG, 1938)	p. 381
Waddle and Side Chuck	p. 381
Wheelhouse Clearance	p. 384
Tire Scrub	p. 384
Scrub Damping	p. 384
Rear Axle Side Shake	p. 385
Camber Change or Swing Arm Action	p. 390
Roll Cambering	p. 390
6.15. Summary	p. 390
7. Suspension Linkages	p. 395
7.1. Introduction	p. 395
7.2. Front Suspension with No Offsets (First Approximation)	p. 400
Camber Change	p. 403
7.3. Steering Linkage (without Anti-Dive)	p. 406
7.4. Effect of Anti-Dive on Steering Linkage Layout	p. 408
7.5. Wheel Motions with Arm-Planes at an Angle to the Transverse Plane	p. 411
7.6. Greater Accuracy (Allowance for Offsets)	p. 412
Camber (Inclination) Change ([gamma])	p. 414
Tread Change (One Wheel)	p. 416
7.7. Comparison Example-Front Suspension without and with Offsets	p. 417
7.8. Link Suspension Rear Axle	p. 420
7.9. Rear Axle Linkage with Offsets	p. 423
7.10. Ride Rates and Wheel Rates	p. 426
7.11. Camber Thrust	p. 434
7.12. Toe-In-Swing Axle with Diagonal Pivot	p. 436
7.13. Wheel Rates-Wishbone Suspension	p. 436
7.14. Tread [Track] Change Radius	p. 444
7.15. Effect of Camber Change on Wheel Rate	p. 445
7.16. Vertical Rate of Arm and Torsion Spring	p. 445
7.17. Position of Springs	p. 447
7.18. Summary	p. 448
8. Roll, Roll Moments and Skew Rates	p. 451
8.1. Introduction	p. 451
8.2. The Roll Axis	p. 451
Axle	p. 452
Independent without Tread [Track] Change	p. 455
Independent with Tread Change	p. 457
Swing Axle	p. 458
8.3. Intermediate Designs of Independent Suspension	p. 459
8.4. De Dion Axles	p. 460
8.5. Skew Rates [Warp]	p. 462
8.6. Longitudinal Interconnection-Compensated Suspension	p. 463
Total Roll Rate for Compensated Suspension	p. 464
Skew Rate	p. 465
8.7. Roll Stability	p. 466
Scale Effects	p. 467
Roll Stabilizer	p. 467
8.8. Roll Axis Measurement	p. 469
8.9. Summary	p. 470
9. Fore and Aft Forces	p. 473
9.1. Introduction	p. 473
9.2. Maximum Traction	p. 473
Front Drive	p. 479
Grades	p. 480
9.3. Brake Distribution	p. 481
9.4. Brake Dive	p. 485
9.5. Anti-Dive Geometry	p. 487
9.6. Power Squat	p. 495
9.7. Mercedes Single-Joint Swing Arm	p. 496
9.8. Vehicles with Axles Controlled by Leaf Springs	p. 499
Wind-Up of Unsymmetrical Spring	p. 502
Note on Wind-Up Stiffness of Leaf Springs	p. 506
9.9. Inclination of Leaf Springs	p. 515
9.10. Anti-Dive Front Wishbone Suspension	p. 518
9.11. Sudden Brake Application	p. 521
9.12. Summary	p. 525
10. Leaf Springs-Combined Suspension Spring and Linkage	p. 529
10.1. Introduction	p. 529
10.2. Circular Bending	p. 532
10.3. Parallel Cantilever	p. 533
10.4. Theoretical Single Leaf	p. 534
10.5. Figuring a Leaf Spring	p. 535
10.6. Cantilever Spring	p. 536
10.7. Equal Leaves and Equal Spacing	p. 537
10.8. Combined Spring Rate (with "Unbalanced" Springs)	p. 539
10.9. Effective Torque Arm	p. 540
10.10. Roll Rates	p. 540
10.11. Shackle Effects-Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Springs	p. 542
With Symmetrical Leaf Springs	p. 542
Shackle Effects, Unsymmetrical Springs	p. 545
10.12. Spring Testing	p. 546
10.13. Summary	p. 547
Appendix A Slip Angle Sign Conventions	p. 549
A.1 Introduction	p. 549
A.2 SAE Sign Convention	p. 550
A.3 Olley's Sign Convention	p. 551
A.4 Summary	p. 553
Appendix B Fiala/Radt Nondimensional Tire Representation	p. 555
B.1 Introduction	p. 555
B.2 Derivation	p. 555
B.3 Advantages of Tire Nondimensionalization	p. 558
Appendix C Technical Papers by Olley-Summaries and Reviews	p. 559
Appendix D Olley Correspondence	p. 567
Appendix E Balloon Tires and Front Wheel Suspension	p. 595
Appendix F Sense of Direction	p. 601
Appendix G Development of the Flat Ride	p. 611
Index	p. 621
About the Authors	p. 639

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