Catalytic air pollution control : commercial technology

Catalytic Air Pollution Control: Commercial Technology is the primary source for commercial catalytic air pollution control technology, offering engineers a comprehensive account of all modern catalytic technology. This Third Edition covers all the new advances in technology in automotive catalyst control technology, diesel engine catalyst control technology, small engine catalyst control technology, and alternate sustainable fuels for auto and diesel.

Author Notes

Ronald M. Heck, Phd, is President of RMH Consulting, where he specializes in consultation on environmental catalysis for auto, diesel, and stationary sources; general catalysis; fuel cells; reaction engineering; combustion technology; and chemical engineering. Previously, Dr. Heck was a Research Manager responsible for developing new catalyst technology for Engelhard Corporation's worldwide customers in environmental catalysis.
Robert J. Farrauto, PhD, is a Research Fellow at BASF Catalysts and Adjunct Professor in the Earth and Environmental Engineering Department of Columbia University in the City of New York, where he teaches courses in catalysis and supervises graduate student research. His responsibilities at BASF Catalysts include the development of advanced catalysts for the hydrogen economy. He has worked extensively in the development of catalysts for the environmental, petroleum, and chemical industries.
Suresh T. Gulati, PhD, is a Consultant to the Science and Technology Division of Corning. He has also been a research fellow with Corning, specializing in the behavior of brittle materials. Dr. Gulati has many years of experience working with automotive substrates, with an emphasis on their design and durability for diesel and passenger car applications.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Acknowledgments, First Edition	p. xix
Acknowledgments, Second Edition	p. xxi
I Fundamentals	p. 1
1 Catalyst Fundamentals	p. 3
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.2 Catalyzed Versus Noncatalyzed Reactions	p. 3
1.3 Catalytic Components	p. 13
1.4 Selectivity	p. 14
1.5 Promoters and their Effect on Activity and Selectivity	p. 15
1.6 Dispersed Model for Catalytic Component on Carrier: Pt on Al2O3	p. 16
1.7 Chemical and Physical Steps in Heterogeneous Catalysis	p. 18
1.8 Practical Significance of Knowing the Rate-Limiting Step	p. 21
References	p. 22
Questions	p. 23
2 The Preparation of Catalytic Materials: Carriers, Active Components, and Monolithic Substrates	p. 24
2.1 Introduction	p. 24
2.2 Carriers	p. 24
2.3 Making the Finished Catalyst	p. 30
2.4 Nomenclature for Dispersed Catalysts	p. 32
2.5 Monolithic Materials as Catalyst Substrates	p. 32
2.6 Preparing Monolithic Catalysts	p. 36
2.7 Catalytic Monoliths	p. 37
2.8 Catalyzed Monolith Nomenclature	p. 38
2.9 Precious Metal Recovery from Monolithic Catalysts	p. 38
References	p. 38
Questions	p. 40
3 Catalyst Characterization	p. 41
3.1 Introduction	p. 41
3.2 Physical Properties of Catalysts	p. 42
3.3 Chemical and Physical Morphology Structures of Catalytic Materials	p. 48
3.4 Techniques for Fundamental Studies	p. 60
References	p. 61
Questions	p. 62
4 Monolithic Reactors for Environmental Catalysis	p. 63
4.1 Introduction	p. 63
4.2 Chemical Kinetic Control	p. 63
4.3 The Arrhenius Equation and Reaction Parameters	p. 66
4.4 Bulk Mass Transfer	p. 69
4.5 Reactor Bed Pressure Drop	p. 74
4.6 Summary	p. 76
References	p. 76
Questions	p. 77
5 Catalyst Deactivation	p. 79
5.1 Introduction	p. 79
5.2 Thermally Induced Deactivation	p. 79
5.3 Poisoning	p. 88
5.4 Washcoat Loss	p. 94
5.5 General Comments on Deactivation Diagnostics in Monolithic Catalysts for Environmental Applications	p. 95
References	p. 97
Questions	p. 98
II Mobile Source	p. 101
6 Automotive Catalyst	p. 103
6.1 Emissions and Regulations	p. 103
6.2 The Catalytic Reactions for Pollution Abatement	p. 106
6.3 The Physical Structure of the Catalytic Converter	p. 107
6.4 First-Generation Converters: Oxidation Catalyst (1976-1979)	p. 114
6.5 NOx, CO and HC Reduction: The Second Generation: The Three-Way Catalyst (1979-1986)	p. 118
6.6 Vehicle Test Procedures (U.S., European, and Japanese)	p. 123
6.7 NOx, CO, and HC Reduction: The Third Generation (1986-1992)	p. 128
6.8 Palladium TWC Catalyst: The Fourth Generation (Mid-1990s)	p. 136
6.9 Low-Emission Catalyst Technologies	p. 138
6.10 Modern TWC Technologies for the 2000s	p. 146
6.11 Toward a Zero-Emission Stoichiometric Spark-Ignited Vehicle	p. 148
6.12 Engineered Catalyst Design	p. 153
6.13 Lean-Burn Spark-Ignited Gasoline Engine	p. 157
References	p. 163
Questions	p. 174
7 Automotive Substrates	p. 176
7.1 Introduction to Ceramic Substrates	p. 176
7.2 Requirements for Substrates	p. 178
7.3 Design/Sizing of Substrates	p. 180
7.4 Physical Properties of Substrates	p. 185
7.5 Physical Durability	p. 194
7.6 Advances in Substrates	p. 207
7.7 Commercial Applications	p. 222
7.8 Summary	p. 229
References	p. 230
Questions	p. 236
8 Diesel Engine Emissions	p. 238
8.1 Introduction	p. 238
8.2 Worldwide Diesel Emission Standards	p. 241
8.3 NOx-Particulate Trade-Off	p. 245
8.4 Analytical Procedures for Particulates	p. 245
8.5 Particulate Removal	p. 246
8.6 NOx Reduction Technologies	p. 263
8.7 2007 Commercial System Designs (PM Removal Only)	p. 272
8.8 2010 Commercial System Approaches under Development (PM and NOx Removal)	p. 275
8.9 Retrofit and Off-Highway	p. 281
8.10 Natural Gas Engines	p. 282
References	p. 283
Questions	p. 292
9 Diesel Catalyst Supports and Particulate Filters	p. 295
9.1 Introduction	p. 295
9.2 Health Effects of Diesel Particulate Emissions	p. 298
9.3 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Supports	p. 298
9.4 Design/Sizing of a Diesel Particulate Filter	p. 302
9.5 Regeneration Techniques	p. 313
9.6 Physical Properties and Durability	p. 319
9.7 Advances in Diesel Filters	p. 324
9.8 Applications	p. 340
9.9 Summary	p. 350
References	p. 352
Questions	p. 355
10 Ozone Abatement within Jet Aircraft	p. 357
10.1 Introduction	p. 357
10.2 Ozone Abatement	p. 358
10.3 Deactivation	p. 363
10.4 Analysis of In-Flight Samples	p. 365
10.5 New Technology	p. 371
References	p. 372
Questions	p. 373
III Stationary Sources	p. 375
11 Volatile Organic Compounds	p. 377
11.1 Introduction	p. 377
11.2 Catalytic Incineration	p. 379
11.3 Halogenated Hydrocarbons	p. 383
11.4 Food Processing	p. 390
11.5 Wood Stoves	p. 392
11.6 Process Design	p. 394
11.7 Deactivation	p. 394
11.8 Regeneration of Deactivated Catalysts	p. 395
References	p. 399
Questions	p. 401
12 Reduction of NOx	p. 403
12.1 Introduction	p. 403
12.2 Nonselective Catalytic Reduction of NOx	p. 404
12.3 Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx	p. 407
12.4 Commercial Experience	p. 417
12.5 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)	p. 427
12.6 Catalytically Supported Thermal Combustion	p. 429
References	p. 434
Questions	p. 439
13 Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Abatement from Gas Turbines	p. 440
13.1 Introduction	p. 440
13.2 Catalyst for CO Abatement	p. 441
13.3 Non-Methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC) Removal	p. 443
13.4 Oxidation of Reactive Hydrocarbons	p. 444
13.5 Oxidation of Unreactive Light Paraffins	p. 445
13.6 Catalyst Deactivation	p. 447
References	p. 448
Questions	p. 449
14 Small Engines	p. 450
14.1 Introduction	p. 450
14.2 Emissions	p. 450
14.3 EPA Regulations	p. 451
14.4 Catalyst for Handheld and Nonhandheld Engines	p. 455
14.5 Catalyst Durability	p. 463
References	p. 464
Questions	p. 466
IV New And Emerging Technologies	p. 467
15 Ambient Air Cleanup	p. 469
15.1 Introduction	p. 469
15.2 Premair® Catalyst Systems	p. 470
15.3 Other Approaches	p. 478
References	p. 479
Questions	p. 481
16 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Generation	p. 482
16.1 Introduction	p. 482
16.2 Low-Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Technology	p. 488
16.3 The Ideal Hydrogen Economy	p. 495
16.4 Conventional Hydrogen Generation	p. 496
16.5 Hydrogen Generation from Natural Gas for PEM Fuel Cells	p. 499
16.6 Other Fuel Cell Systems	p. 505
References	p. 511
Questions	p. 517
Index	p. 518

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