Sensor technology in neuroscience

Biosensor technology has rapidly expanded into a wide variety of applications in the last few years. Such fields include clinical diagnostics, environmental chemistry, drug discovery and pathogen detection, to name but a few. The structure of these sensors is based on the intimate combination of a biological entity with a transducer capable of generating an electrical signal to provide information on the biological system being studied. Until now there has been a limited treatment of the study of whole cells (as a biological component) due to the difficulty in connecting transducers to cell populations. This book focuses on several aspects of neural behaviour both in vitro and in vivo, and for the first time, the detection of populations of neurons (rather than single cells) will be presented. The fundamental behaviour and characterization of neurons on various substrates, using a variety of electronic devices such as transistors and microelectrode arrays will be discussed. Future perspectives discussed in the book include artificial intelligence using biological neural networks and nanoneuromedicine. The authors have considerable experience in biosensor technology, and have pioneered the study of neural populations using biosensors in collaboration with neurophysiologists and neuroendrocrinologists. This book will be invaluable to university neuroscience and analytical chemistry departments and students, academics and physicians will benefit from its accessible style and format.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Biosensor Technology	p. 1
1.1 Sensor Anatomy, Signaling and Properties	p. 1
1.2 Genesis of Biosensor Technology	p. 4
1.3 Probe Attachment to the Sensor Structure	p. 5
1.3.1 Direct and Linker Adsorption	p. 6
1.3.2 Entrapment and Encapsulation	p. 7
1.3.3 Covalent binding	p. 8
1.3.4 Assembled Monolayer Chemistry	p. 10
1.3.5 The Molecularly Imprinted Polymer	p. 12
1.4 Device Transduction of Biochemical Interactions	p. 13
1.4.1 Electrochemical Systems	p. 13
1.4.2 Acoustic Wave Physics and Devices	p. 19
1.4.3 Electromagnetic Radiation: Optical Devices	p. 28
1.4.4 Brief Summary of the Adjunct Technology Approach	p. 39
References	p. 41
Selected Bibliography of Biosensor Technology 1987-2012	p. 46
Chapter 2 The Cell-Substrate Surface Interaction	p. 50
2.1 Cells and Surfaces	p. 50
2.2 Substrate Surface Parameters: A Précis	p. 51
2.3 The Eukaryotic Cell and Environment: A Précis	p. 53
2.4 The Neuron: A Précis	p. 54
2.4.1 Anatomy and Types	p. 55
2.4.2 Action Potential and Electrical Conduction	p. 58
2.5 Cell Adhesion, Growth, Guidance and Proliferation on Substrates	p. 60
2.5.1 General Considerations	p. 60
2.5.2 Bare Substrates	p. 61
2.5.3 Polypeptide Coating	p. 64
2.5.4 Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Derived Peptides	p. 65
2.5.5 Substrate Morphology	p. 72
2.5.6 Substrate Rigidity and Elasticity	p. 77
2.6 Biocompatibility and the Substrate-Blood and Platelet Interaction: A Comment on Long-term Effects	p. 80
References	p. 82
Chapter 3 Electronic Detection Techniques	p. 87
3.1 A Review of Neuron Field Potentials	p. 87
3.2 Cultured Neurons and Neuro-electronic Interface	p. 88
3.3 Charge Transfer and the Interface	p. 93
3.4 Field Effect Transistors as Neurotransducers	p. 95
3.5 Microelectrode Array Structures	p. 97
3.6 Microelectronic Interfaces for In Vitro Study of Neurons	p. 102
3.7 Fabrication	p. 105
3.7.1 Regeneration Sieves and Cone-ingrowth Electrodes	p. 106
3.7.2 Microfluidic Structures	p. 107
3.7.3 Self-assembled Networks	p. 109
3.8 In Vitro Microelectrodes Arrays	p. 110
3.9 Microfluidics in Neurobiological Research	p. 112
3.10 Biosensors for Neuroscience Applications	p. 115
3.10.1 In Vitro Microelectronic Interfaces	p. 115
3.10.2 Microscale Cell Culture Analogues	p. 116
3.10.3 Microelectrode Arrays in Drug Discovery	p. 116
3.10.4 Microelectrode Arrays in Toxicology	p. 118
3.10.5 Microelectrode Arrays in Basic Neuroscience Research	p. 122
References	p. 126
Chapter 4 Nanosensing the Brain	p. 130
4.1 Nanoparticles as Reporters of Brain Activity	p. 131
4.2 Nanotubes and Nanowires	p. 132
4.3 Graphene	p. 135
4.4 Applications of Nanotechnologies in Neuroscience	p. 137
4.4.1 Nanostructures as Scaffolds for Neuroregeneration and as Interface for Sensing and Stimulation	p. 137
4.4.2 Nanoribbons for Sensing Cellular Deformation	p. 139
4.5 Challenges and Future Perspective of Nanotechnologies in Neuroscience	p. 139
References	p. 140
Chapter 5 The Vibrational Field and Detection of Neuron Behavior	p. 142
5.1 Extending Human Sensory Capabilities	p. 142
5.2 The Vibrational Field as a Neural Sensor Platform	p. 143
5.2.1 The Simple Vibrating Probe	p. 144
5.2.2 Electric Impedance Sensing of the Cell-Substrate Interaction	p. 146
5.2.3 Miniaturization of the Electrical Impedance Tomography Technique	p. 146
5.2.4 Optical Sensing Platforms	p. 154
5.2.5 Acoustic Wave Detection	p. 157
5.2.6 Origin of Oscillations and Neuronal Resonance	p. 160
5.2.7 The Scanning Kelvin Nanoprobe	p. 165
5.3 Future Possibilities in Cellular and Neuronal Detection	p. 169
References	p. 170
Chapter 6 The Biomimetic Interface between Brain and Electrodes: Examples in the Design of Neural Prostheses	p. 172
6.1 The Nature of the Device-Brain Interface	p. 172
6.2 Electrode-Tissue Interface in Deep Brain Stimulation	p. 175
6.2.1 Electrode Implantation	p. 175
6.2.2 Device-related Complications	p. 179
6.3 Motor Cortex Prostheses	p. 180
6.4 Replacing Damaged Brain Components	p. 183
6.5 Retinal Prosthetic Interfaces	p. 186
6.6 Technological Advances and Novel Strategies for Improving the Electrode-Brain Interface	p. 189
References	p. 191
Chapter 7 A Look at the Future	p. 194
7.1 Quantum Neurobiology	p. 194
7.2 Nanoneuromedicine	p. 195
7.3 Neuropharmacology	p. 196
7.4 Genetics	p. 196
7.5 Cognitive Enhancers	p. 197
7.6 Brain Imaging	p. 198
7.7 Stem and Cancer Cells	p. 198
7.8 Regenerative Techniques in Neuroscience	p. 199
7.9 Prosthetic Implants	p. 199
7.10 Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease and Reversing the Ageing Process in the Brain	p. 200
7.11 The Human Brain Project and Computer Simulation	p. 201
7.12 Conservative Perspectives: A Final Comment	p. 201
Subject Index	p. 203

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Table of Contents