Broadband wireless communications business : an introductiuon to the costs and benefits of new technologies

With the emergence of broadband wireless communication systems, new business opportunities have appeared for operators, content provides, and manufacturers.

Broadband wireless communications technologies promise the freedom of constant access to the Internet at high speeds, without the limitation of connection cables. Broadband Wireless Communications Business provides comprehensive coverage of the present status and future evolution of these technologies, giving vital practical cost and benefit advice on design, construction and implementation. The author focuses on the costs associated with network design and operation, examining resources, maintenance and billing considerations in terms of Quality of Service provisioning. The future of 4G is explained, with enhancing technologies, cellular design topologies and ad-hoc technologies all covered in-depth. This book will enable the reader to make key business decisions: how to evaluate a technology, which to use, how to combine several technologies to reach a target market, how to differentiate from competitors and how to take advantage of future possible enhancements.

Broadband Wireless Communications Business:

Defines the unique technical features of the new broadband wireless communications systems and explains what these mean for operator and manufacturer businesses. Offers a complete guide to all current access technologies, associated standards, and duplex modes. Provides advice on key business cost and benefit issues. Addresses wireless technology from the point of view of numerous market sectors: public mobile systems, hot spot coverage, personal area networks, and multi-user shared usage of resources, etc.

This text is essential for decision makers and industry key players responsible for the design, development, implementation and management of wireless telecommunications systems. Researchers specializing in the field of wireless technology and graduate students on telecommunications courses will also find it an excellent guide to the topic.

Author Notes

Riaz Esmailzadeh received his M.S. in electrical engineering from Sydney University, Australia and his Ph.D. in code division multiple access technology from Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.

050

List of Figures	p. xiii
List of Tables	p. xvii
Preface	p. xxi
Acknowledgements	p. xxv
1 Background	p. 1
1.1 Fixed-line Data Communications	p. 3
1.2 Mobile Communications	p. 4
1.3 Wireless Data Communications	p. 7
1.4 Broadband Wireless	p. 10
1.4.1 Edholm's Law	p. 10
1.5 Duplex Modes	p. 12
1.6 Voice to Data	p. 14
1.6.1 Voice-over internet protocol	p. 14
1.7 Traffic Profiles	p. 15
1.8 Access Technologies	p. 16
1.8.1 Frequency division multiple access	p. 16
1.8.2 Time division multiple access	p. 17
1.8.3 Code division multiple access	p. 17
1.8.4 Channel sense multiple access	p. 19
1.9 Telecommunications Operator Business	p. 21
1.9.1 From pipe to content provider	p. 22
1.9.2 Flat rate	p. 22
Further Reading	p. 23
2 Wireless Communications	p. 25
2.1 Signal Fading	p. 25
2.1.1 Why fading?	p. 26
2.2 Modulation	p. 30
2.2.1 Signal constellation	p. 30
2.3 Equalisation	p. 32
2.3.1 Time domain equalisation	p. 33
2.3.2 Frequency domain equalisation	p. 33
2.3.3 Code/multi-user domain equalisation	p. 34
2.4 Single Carrier and Multi Carrier	p. 35
2.4.1 Spread spectrum	p. 35
2.4.2 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing	p. 36
2.4.3 Orthogonal frequency-code division multiplexing	p. 37
2.4.4 Transmission power fluctuation	p. 38
2.5 Diversity Reception	p. 38
2.5.1 Diversity combining methods	p. 40
2.5.2 Selection combining	p. 41
2.5.3 Maximum ratio combining	p. 42
2.6 Channel Coding	p. 42
2.6.1 Turbo codes	p. 43
2.6.2 LDPC codes	p. 43
2.6.3 Coding rate	p. 43
2.7 From Circuit Switched to Packet Switched	p. 44
2.7.1 Shared channels	p. 45
2.7.2 Packet scheduling	p. 47
2.7.3 Header compression	p. 47
2.7.4 Wireless VoIP	p. 47
2.7.5 Quality of service	p. 48
2.8 System Capacity	p. 48
2.8.1 Shannon theorem	p. 49
2.8.2 Trunking efficiency	p. 49
2.9 Coverage	p. 51
2.9.1 Link budget	p. 52
2.9.2 Multi-hop	p. 52
Further Reading	p. 54
3 Enhancing Technologies	p. 57
3.1 Frequency Reuse	p. 57
3.1.1 Noise limited	p. 59
3.1.2 Interference limited	p. 59
3.2 Capacity Limit	p. 59
3.2.1 Capacity in the presence of interference	p. 60
3.3 Signal and Interference	p. 61
3.3.1 Downlink	p. 61
3.3.2 Uplink	p. 62
3.4 Advanced Antennas	p. 63
3.4.1 Directional antennas	p. 63
3.4.2 Adaptive array antennas	p. 64
3.5 Coverage Extension	p. 66
3.5.1 Coverage extension using adaptive array antennas	p. 68
3.6 Interference Reduction	p. 68
3.6.1 Interference cancellation	p. 69
3.6.2 Joint detection	p. 70
3.6.3 Interference avoidance	p. 71
3.7 Hybrid ARQ	p. 72
3.7.1 Chase combining	p. 73
3.7.2 Incremental redundancy	p. 73
3.8 MIMO Antennas	p. 74
3.9 Voice Coding	p. 75
Further Reading	p. 77
4 Cellular Topologies	p. 79
4.1 Cell Structure	p. 81
4.1.1 Macro-cell	p. 81
4.1.2 Micro-cell	p. 83
4.1.3 Pico-cell	p. 85
4.1.4 Umbrella structure	p. 85
4.1.5 Repeaters	p. 85
4.1.6 Distributed antenna systems	p. 86
4.2 Wireless LAN Cellular Structure	p. 86
4.3 Distributed Base Stations	p. 87
4.3.1 Uplink distributed base stations	p. 88
4.3.2 Downlink distributed base stations	p. 88
4.3.3 Public-private multi-hop	p. 90
4.4 Mini-ceil Structure	p. 90
4.5 Handover	p. 92
4.6 Ad hoc Networking	p. 94
Further Reading	p. 96
5 Cost of Spectrum	p. 97
5.1 Voice Systems	p. 99
5.1.1 FDMA systems	p. 99
5.1.2 TDMA systems	p. 100
5.1.3 CDMA systems	p. 101
5.2 Data Systems	p. 101
5.2.1 Peak throughput	p. 103
5.2.2 Average throughput	p. 103
5.2.3 Minimum throughput	p. 104
5.3 Data Throughput Efficiency	p. 104
5.3.1 WCDMA HSDPA	p. 104
5.3.2 WCDMA uplink	p. 107
5.3.3 TD-CDMA HSDPA	p. 107
5.3.4 WiMAX	p. 108
5.3.5 DoCoMo test system	p. 112
5.3.6 Wireless LAN throughput	p. 113
5.4 Spectrum Cost	p. 114
5.4.1 Cost per subscriber	p. 114
Further Reading	p. 115
6 Cost of Equipment	p. 117
6.1 Base Station Structure	p. 119
6.1.1 RF module	p. 120
6.1.2 Baseband module	p. 125
6.1.3 Transport module	p. 126
6.1.4 Control software	p. 126
6.1.5 Clock and power supply module	p. 127
6.1.6 Device volume	p. 127
6.1.7 Repeaters	p. 127
6.1.8 Base station supply chain	p. 128
6.2 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Access Point	p. 130
6.3 Network Nodes Costs	p. 132
6.3.1 Radio network controller	p. 132
6.3.2 SGSN and GGSN	p. 133
6.3.3 HLR	p. 133
6.3.4 Total costs	p. 133
6.4 End-user Equipment	p. 134
6.4.1 RF module	p. 135
6.4.2 Antennas	p. 136
6.4.3 Baseband module	p. 136
6.4.4 Control software	p. 136
6.4.5 Clock and power supply module	p. 136
6.4.6 Peripherals	p. 137
6.4.7 Total costs	p. 137
6.4.8 Device volume	p. 137
Further Reading	p. 139
7 Network Design and Operation	p. 141
7.1 Network Design and Planning	p. 141
7.1.1 Stages in network design	p. 142
7.1.2 Technologies for increasing capacity	p. 144
7.2 Site Cost	p. 147
7.2.1 Rooftops and towers	p. 147
7.2.2 Micro/pico base station sites	p. 148
7.2.3 Installation	p. 148
7.2.4 Tuning	p. 148
7.2.5 Maintenance	p. 148
7.3 Backbone Fixed Connection	p. 149
7.3.1 Physical connections	p. 149
7.4 Networking Based on Access Points	p. 150
7.4.1 Access points and antennas	p. 150
7.4.2 Maintenance	p. 151
7.4.3 Fixed network connection	p. 151
7.5 Customer Costs	p. 151
7.5.1 Customer acquisition	p. 151
7.5.2 Customer service and billing	p. 153
7.6 Other Operating Costs	p. 153
7.6.1 Power consumption	p. 153
7.6.2 Spectrum fees	p. 153
7.6.3 Human resources	p. 154
7.7 Wholesale Operators - Network-less Operators	p. 154
Further Reading	p. 155
8 Services	p. 157
8.1 Revenue Flow	p. 159
8.2 Value Chain	p. 160
8.2.1 Nonportal content aggregations and creators	p. 161
8.2.2 Nonportal application platforms	p. 161
8.2.3 Portal content aggregations	p. 161
8.2.4 Third party billing	p. 161
8.2.5 Portal access	p. 161
8.2.6 End-user billing	p. 162
8.2.7 IP network access	p. 162
8.2.8 Mobile network access	p. 162
8.3 Service Classifications	p. 162
8.3.1 Mobile internet access	p. 164
8.3.2 Mobile intranet/extranet access	p. 164
8.3.3 Customised infotainment	p. 167
8.3.4 Multimedia messaging service (MMS)	p. 167
8.3.5 Location-based services	p. 169
8.3.6 Rich voice and simple voice	p. 171
8.4 Total Revenue Forecast	p. 173
8.4.1 Flat rate	p. 173
Further Reading	p. 175
9 Scenarios	p. 177
9.1 Technologies	p. 178
9.1.1 WCDMA solution	p. 178
9.1.2 TD-CDMA solution	p. 179
9.1.3 WiMAX solution	p. 179
9.1.4 WLAN solution	p. 179
9.2 Market Size	p. 180
9.2.1 Japanese market	p. 180
9.2.2 Chinese market	p. 182
9.3 Services and Revenues	p. 182
9.3.1 Simple voice	p. 183
9.3.2 Rich voice	p. 184
9.3.3 Wireless DSL, urban	p. 185
9.3.4 Wireless DSL, rural	p. 185
9.3.5 Customised infotainment	p. 186
9.3.6 Mobile intranet/extranet	p. 186
9.3.7 Multimedia messaging service - consumer	p. 187
9.3.8 Multimedia messaging service - machine-to-machine	p. 187
9.3.9 Location-based services	p. 188
9.4 Service Classification	p. 189
9.4.1 Traffic per service	p. 191
9.4.2 Subscriber density and offered traffic	p. 191
9.4.3 Subscriber numbers	p. 193
9.5 Costs	p. 193
9.5.1 Cost of spectrum	p. 193
9.5.2 Cost of equipment	p. 194
9.5.3 Operating costs	p. 197
9.6 Cash Flow Scenarios	p. 199
9.6.1 Scenarios in Japan	p. 199
9.6.2 Scenarios in China	p. 204
Further Reading	p. 208
Glossary	p. 209
Index	p. 219

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Table of Contents