Design of ultra wideband power transfer networks

Combining analytic theory and modern computer-aided design techniques this volume will enable you to understand and design power transfer networks and amplifiers in next generation radio frequency (RF) and microwave communication systems.

A comprehensive theory of circuits constructed with lumped and distributed elements is covered, as are electromagnetic field theory, filter theory, and broadband matching. Along with detailed roadmaps and accessible algorithms, this book provides up-to-date, practical design examples including:

filters built with microstrip lines in C and X bands; various antenna matching networks over HF and microwave frequencies; channel equalizers with arbitary gain shapes; matching networks for ultrasonic transducers; ultra wideband microwave amplifiers constructed with lumped and distributed elements.

A companion website details all Real Frequency Techniques (including line segment and computational techniques) with design tools developed on MatLab.

Essential reading for all RF and circuit design engineers, this is also a great reference text for other electrical engineers and researchers working on the development of communications applications at wideband frequencies. This book is also beneficial to advanced electrical and communications engineering students taking courses in RF and microwave communications technology.

www.wiley.com/go/yarman_wideband

Author Notes

Binboga Siddik Yarman, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Professor Binboga Siddik Yarman is currently on a sabbatical in the Department of Physical Electronics, at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. His full-time position is with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, at the College of Engineering, Istanbul University. Professor Yarman is very experienced in the field of communication networks, being one of the first engineers to establish computer-aided design (CAD) tools for constructing practical broadband matching networks and multistage microwave amplifiers for optimized communication systems. In doing this, he paved the way for the generation of CAD algorithms to construct practical circuits in the field of communications engineering, including commercial and military communication sub-systems such as antenna matching networks, and multistage microwave amplifiers for mobile and fixed communication systems. He has published a number of book chapters and journal papers on the design of microwave amplifiers, modeling techniques and other design issues concerning power transfer networks, including a section on 'Broadband Networks' for the Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (Vol II, 1999). He has also lectured to both students, and practising engineers on these topics for the last 25 years, in Europe, the USA and Japan.

About the Author

Preface

1 Circuit Theory for Power Transfer Networks

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Ideal Circuit Elements

1.3 Average Power Dissipation and Effective Voltage and Current

1.4 Definitions of Voltage and Current Phasors

1.5 Definitions of Active, Passive and Lossless One-ports

1.6 Definition of Resistor

1.7 Definition of Capacitor

1.8 Definition of Inductor

1.9 Definition of an Ideal Transformer

1.10 Coupled Coils

1.11 Definitions: Laplace and Fourier Transformations of a Time Domain Function f(t)

1.12 Useful Mathematical Properties of Laplace and Fourier Transforms of a Causal Function

1.13 Numerical Evaluation of Hilbert Transform

1.14 Convolution

1.15 Signal Energy

1.16 Definition of Impedance and Admittance

1.17 Immittance of One-port Networks

1.18 Definition: 'Positive Real Functions'

2 Electromagnetic Field Theory for Power Transfer Networks: Fields, Waves and Lumped Circuit Models

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Coulomb's Law and Electric Fields

2.3 Definition of Electric Field

2.4 Definition of Electric Potential

2.5 Units of Force, Energy and Potential

2.6 Uniform Electric Field

2.7 Units of Electric Field

2.8 Definition of Displacement Vector or 'Electric Flux Density Vector' D

2.9 Boundary Conditions in an Electric Field

2.10 Differential Relation between the Potential and the Electric Field

2.11 Parallel Plate Capacitor

2.12 Capacitance of a Transmission Line

2.13 Capacitance of Coaxial Cable

2.14 Resistance of a Conductor of Length L: Ohm's Law

2.15 Principle of Charge Conservation and the Continuity Equation

2.16 Energy Density in an Electric Field

2.17 The Magnetic Field

2.18 Generation of Magnetic Fields: Biot-Savart and Ampère's Law

2.19 Direction of Magnetic Field: Right Hand Rule

2.20 Unit of Magnetic Field-Related Quantities

2.21 Unit of Magnetic Flux Density B

2.22 Unit of Magnetic Flux Ø

2.23 Definition of Inductance L

2.24 Permeability µ and its unit

2.25 Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Wires

2.26 Magnetic Field Generated by a Circular Current-Carrying Wire

2.27 Magnetic Field of a Tidily Wired Solenoid of N turns

2.28 The Toroid

2.29 Inductance of N-Turn Wire Loops

2.30 Inductance of a Coaxial Transmission Line

2.31 Parallel Wire Transmission Line

2.32 Faraday's Law

2.33 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

2.34 Magnetic Energy Density in a Given Volume

2.35 Transformer

2.36 Mutual Inductance

2.37 Boundary Conditions and Maxwell Equations: 100

2.38 Summary of Maxwell Equations and Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

2.39 Power Flow in Electromagnetic Fields: Poynting's Theorem

2.40 General Form of Electromagnetic Wave Equation

2.41 Solutions of Maxwell Equations Using Complex Phasors 115

2.42 Determination of the Electromagnetic Field Distribution of a Short Current Element: Hertzian Dipole Problem

2.43 Antenna Loss

2.44 Magnetic Dipole

2.45 Long Straight Wire Antenna: Half-Wave Dipole

2.46 Fourier Transform of Maxwell Equations: Phasor Representation

3 Transmission Lines for Circuit Designers:Transmission Lines as Circuit Elements

3.1 Ideal Transmission Lines

3.2 Time Domain Solutions of Voltage and Current Wave Equations

3.3 Model for a Two-Pair Wire Transmission Line as an Ideal TEM Line

3.4 Model for a Coaxial Cable as an Ideal TEM Line

3.5 Field Solutions for TEM Lines

3.6 Phasor Solutions for Ideal TEM Lines

3.7 Steady State Time Domain Solutions for Voltage and Current at Any Point z on the TEM Line

3.8 Transmission lines as Circuit Elements

3.9 TEM Lines as Circuit or 'Distributed' Elements

3.10 Ideal TEM Lines with No Reflection: Perfectly Matched and Mismatched Lines

4 Circuits Constructed with Commensurate Transmission Lines: Properties of Transmission Line Circuits in the Richard Domain

4.1 Ideal TEM Lines as Lossless Two-ports

4.2 Scattering Parameters of a TEM Line as a Lossless Two-port

4.3 Input Reflection Coefficient under Arbitrary Termination

4.4 Choice of the Port Normalizations

4.5 Derivation of the Actual Voltage-Based Input and Output Incident and Reflected Waves

4.6 Incident and Reflected Waves for Arbitrary Normalization Numbers

4.7 Lossless Two-ports Constructed with Commensurate Transmission Lines

4.8 Cascade Connection of Two UEs

4.9 Major Properties of the Scattering Parameters for Passive Two-ports

4.10 Rational Form of the Scattering Matrix for a Resistively Terminated Lossless Two-port Constructed By Transmission Lines

4.11 Kuroda Identities

4.12 Normalization Change and Richard Extractions

4.13 Transmission Zeros in the Richard Domain

4.14 Rational Form of the Scattering Parameters and Generation of g(¿) via the Losslessness Condition

4.15 Generation of Lossless Two-ports with Desired Topology

4.16 Stepped Line Chebyshev Gain Approximation

4.17 Design of Chebyshev Filters Employing Stepped Lines

4.18 MATLAB Codes to Design Stepped Line Filters Using Chebyshev Polynomials

4.19 Summary and Concluding Remarks on the Circuits Designed Using Commensurate Transmission Lines

5 Insertion Loss Approximation for Arbitrary Gain Forms via the Simplified Real Frequency Technique: Filter Design via SRFT

5.1 Arbitrary Gain Approximation

5.2 Filter Design via SRFT for Arbitrary Gain and Phase Approximation

5.3 Conclusion

6 Formal Description of Lossless Two-ports in Terms of Scattering Parameters: Scattering Parameters in the p Domain

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Formal Definition of Scattering Parameters

6.3 Generation of Scattering Parameters for Linear Two-ports

6.4 Transducer Power Gain in Forward and Backward Directions

6.5 Properties of the Scattering Parameters of Lossless Two-ports

6.6 Blashke Products or All-Pass Functions

6.7 Possible Zeros of a Proper Polynomial f(p)

6.8 Transmission Zeros

6.9 Lossless Ladders

6.10 Further Properties of the Scattering Parameters of Lossless Two-ports

6.11 Transfer Scattering Parameters

6.12 Cascaded (or Tandem) Connections of Two-ports

6.13 Comments

6.14 Generation of Scattering Parameters from Transfer Scattering Parameters

7 Numerical Generation of Minimum Functions via the Parametric Approach

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Generation of Positive Real Functions via the Parametric Approach using MATLAB

7.3 Major Polynomial Operations in MATLAB

7.4 Algorithm: Computation of Residues in Bode Form on MATLAB

7.5 Generation of Minimum Functions from the Given All-Zero, All-Pole Form of the Real Part

7.6 Immittance Modeling the via Parametric Approach

7.7 Direct Approach for Minimum Immittance Modeling via the Parametric Approach

8 Gewertz Procedure to Generate a Minimum Function from its Even Part: Generation of Minimum Function in Rational Form

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Gewertz Procedure

8.3 Gewertz Algorithm

8.4 MATLAB Codes for the Gewertz Algorithm

8.5 Comparison of the Bode Method to the Gewertz Procedure

8.6 Immittance Modeling via the Gewertz Procedure

9 Description of Power Transfer Networks via Driving Point Input Immittance: Darlington's Theorem

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Power Dissipation over a Load Impedance

9.3 Power Transfer

9.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

9.5 Transducer Power Gain for Matching Problems

9.6 Formal definition of a Broadband Matching Problem

9.7 Darlington's Description of Lossless Two-ports

9.8 Description of Lossless Two-ports via Z Parameters

9.9 Driving Point Input Impedance of a Lossless Two-port

9.10 Proper Selection of Cases to Construct Lossless Two-ports from Driving Point Immittance Function

9.11 Synthesis of a Compact Pole

9.12 Cauer Realization of Lossless Two Ports

10 Design of Power Transfer Networks: A Glimpse of the Analytic Theory via a Unified Approach

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Filter or Insertion Loss Problem from the Viewpoint of Broadband Matching

10.3 Construction of Doubly Terminated Lossless Reciprocal Filters

10.4 Analytic Solutions to Broadband Matching Problems

10.5 Analytic Approach to Double Matching Problems

10.6 Unified Analytic Approach to Design Broadband Matching Networks

10.7 Design of Lumped Element Filters Employing Chebyshev Functions

10.8 Synthesis of Lumped Element Low-Pass Chebyshev Filter Prototype

10.9 Algorithm to Construct Monotone Roll-Off Chebyshev Filters

10.10 Denormalization of the Element Values for Monotone Roll-Off Chebyshev Filters

10.11 Transformation from Low-Pass LC Ladder Filters to Bandpass Ladder Filters

10.12 Simple Single Matching Problems

10.13 Simple Double Matching Problems

10.14 A Semi-analytic Approach for Double Matching Problems

10.15 Algorithm to Design Idealized Equalizer Data for Double Matching Problems

10.16 General Form of Monotone Roll-Off Chebyshev Transfer Functions

10.17 LC Ladder Solutions to Matching Problems Using the General Form Chebyshev Transfer Function

10.18 Conclusion

11 Modern Approaches to Broadband Matching Problems: Real Frequency Solutions

11.1 Introduction,

11.2 Real Frequency Line Segment Technique

11.3 Real Frequency Direct Computational Technique for Double Matching Problems

11.4 Initialization of RFDT Algorithm

11.5 Design of a Matching Equalizer for a Short Monopole Antenna

11.6 Design of a Single Matching Equalizer for the Ultrasonic T1350 Transducer

11.7 Simplified Real Frequency Technique (SRFT): 'A Scattering Approach'

11.8 Antenna Tuning Using SRFT: Design of a Matching Network for a Helix Antenna

11.9 Performance Assessment of Active and Passive Components by Employing SRFT

12 Immittance Data Modeling via Linear Interpolation Techniques: A Classical Circuit Theory Approach

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Interpolation of the Given Real Part Data Set

12.3 Verification via SS-ELIP

12.4 Verification via PS-EIP

12.5 Interpolation of a Given Foster Data Set X f (?)

12.6 Practical and Numerical Aspects

12.7 Estimation of the Minimum Degree n of the Denominator polynomial D(? 2 )

12.8 Comments on the Error in the Interpolation Process and Proper Selection of Sample Points

12.9 Examples

12.10 Conclusion

13 Lossless Two-ports Formed with Mixed Lumped and Distributed Elements: Design of Matching Networks with Mixed Elements

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Construction of Low-Pass Ladders with UEs

13.3 Application

13.4 Conclusion

Index

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Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents