Weatherization and energy efficiency improvement for existing homes : an engineering approach

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Title:

Personal Author:

Krarti, Moncef

Series:

Mechanical engineering series

Publication Information:

Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2012

Physical Description:

xvii, 415 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9781439851289

Abstract:

"Providing a proven set of energy efficiency measures and opportunities for saving energy and reducing operating costs for existing homes, this volume presents general tools and procedures for performing home weatherization such as insulation improvements as well as methods to reduce air leakage. The author describes several techniques and technologies that can reduce energy use or operating costs, including methods to retrofit existing homes to be net-zero energy buildings. Each chapter contains simplified calculation methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of various efficiency measures. The final chapter offers a series of case studies including examples of weatherized homes"-- Provided by publisher.

"PREFACE Buildings account for 40% of the total primary energy consumption in the world. The contribution of residential buildings to the national energy use is significantly higher than that of commercial buildings. Indeed, household energy consumption is rising in several countries due to desire of larger homes, expectation of better comfort levels, and use of more appliances. In the last five years, significant investments are being made, especially in the US and Europe, to improve the energy efficiency of existing residential building through weatherization, energy auditing, and retrofitting programs. It is a consensus among all countries, that well trained energy auditors are essential to the success of these building energy efficiency programs. A recent US study has found that most energy audits conducted for weatherization of residential buildings suffer from common deficiencies including inadequate utility data analysis, limited scope of the evaluated energy efficiency measures, and inaccurate methods used for estimating energy savings and cost-effectiveness of the recommended retrofits. It is the purpose of this book to provide a training guide for energy auditing specific to weatherization programs targeting residential buildings. In particular, the book presents systematic and well proven engineering analysis methods and techniques to household reduce energy use and better implement weatherization programs for residential buildings. "-- Provided by publisher.

Subject Term:

Dwellings -- Energy conservation

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010302838	TJ163.5.D86 K73 2012	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

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Summary

Providing a proven set of energy efficiency measures and opportunities for saving energy and reducing operating costs for existing homes, this volume presents general tools and procedures for performing home weatherization such as insulation improvements as well as methods to reduce air leakage. The author describes several techniques and technologies that can reduce energy use or operating costs, including methods to retrofit existing homes to be net-zero energy buildings. Each chapter contains simplified calculation methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of various efficiency measures. The final chapter offers a series of case studies including examples of weatherized homes.

Author Notes

Moncef Krarti is professor, associate chair, and director of the building systems program for the Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Department at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Preface	p. xv
About the Author	p. xvii
1 Energy Audit Procedures	p. 1
Abstract	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Energy Use Associated to Residential Buildings	p. 3
1.2.1 Background	p. 3
1.2.2 Energy Performance of Residential Buildings for Selected Countries	p. 5
1.2.2.1 United States	p. 5
1.2.2.2 France	p. 5
1.2.2.3 China	p. 7
1.2.2.4 Mexico	p. 8
1.2.2.5 Australia	p. 8
1.2.2.6 Tunisia	p. 9
1.3 Types of Energy Audits	p. 11
1.3.1 Walkthrough Audit	p. 12
1.3.2 Utility Data Analysis	p. 13
1.3.3 Standard Energy Audit	p. 13
1.3.4 Detailed Energy Audit	p. 14
1.4 Characteristics of Existing U.S. Homes	p. 16
1.5 Summary	p. 26
2 Economic Analysis	p. 27
Abstract	p. 27
2.1 Introduction	p. 27
2.2 Basic Concepts	p. 28
2.2.1 Interest Rate	p. 28
2.2.2 Inflation Rate	p. 29
2.2.3 Tax Rate	p. 30
2.2.4 Cash Flows	p. 31
2.3 Compounding Factors	p. 32
2.3.1 Single Payment	p. 32
2.3.2 Uniform Series Payment	p. 33
2.4 Economic Evaluation Methods	p. 36
2.4.1 Net Present Worth	p. 36
2.4.2 Rate of Return	p. 36
2.4.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio	p. 37
2.4.4 Discounted and Simple Payback Periods	p. 37
2.4.5 Summary of Economic Analysis Methods	p. 38
2.5 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Method	p. 40
2.6 General Procedure for an Economic Evaluation	p. 42
2.7 Summary	p. 43
Problems	p. 44
3 Principles of Thermal Analysis	p. 47
Abstract	p. 47
3.1 Introduction	p. 47
3.2 Basic Heat Transfer Concepts	p. 48
3.2.1 Heat Transfer Mechanisms	p. 48
3.2.2 Heat Transfer from Walls and Roofs	p. 49
3.2.3 R-Value Estimation Using Field Testing Method	p. 51
3.2.4 Air Infiltration Heat Loss/Gain	p. 54
3.2.5 Coupling between Air Infiltration and Heat Conduction	p. 59
3.2.6 Calculation of Building Load Coefficient	p. 61
3.3 Foundation Heat Transfer	p. 65
3.3.1 Soil Temperature Variation	p. 67
3.3.2 Building Foundation Insulation Configurations	p. 69
3.3.3 Simplified Calculation Method for Building Foundation Heat Loss/Gain	p. 72
3.4 Properties of Dry and Humid Air	p. 77
3.5 Thermal Comfort	p. 80
3.5.1 Mean Radiant Temperature	p. 81
3.5.2 Operative Temperature	p. 81
3.5.3 Effective Temperature	p. 81
3.5.4 Franger's Predicted Mean Value	p. 81
3.5.5 Pierce Two-Node Model	p. 82
3.5.6 KSU Two-Node Model	p. 82
3.5.7 ASHRAE Comfort Standard	p. 82
3.5.8 In-Class Exercises	p. 84
3.6 Simplified Energy Analysis Methods	p. 84
3.6.1 Variable-Base Degree-Day Method	p. 84
3.6.2 Transient Thermal Network Analysis	p. 89
3.6.2.1 Overview of the RC Thermal Network Analysis Technique	p. 90
3.6.2.2 Procedure for Estimating Home Capacitance	p. 93
3.7 Whole Building Energy Models	p. 94
3.7.1 Inverse Modeling Methods	p. 96
3.7.1.1 Steady-State Inverse Models	p. 96
3.7.1.2 Dynamic Models	p. 97
3.7.2 Forward Modeling Methods	p. 98
3.7.2.1 Steady-State Methods	p. 98
3.7.2.2 Dynamic Methods	p. 99
3.8 Summary	p. 102
Problems	p. 102
4 Energy Efficiency Screening Approaches	p. 107
Abstract	p. 107
4.1 Introduction	p. 107
4.2 Screening Methodology	p. 108
4.2.1 Description of the Screening Approach	p. 108
4.2.2 Verification of the Screening Approach	p. 111
4.3 Screening Methodology Applications	p. 116
4.3.1 Application 1: Community-Scale Screening	p. 116
4.3.2 Application 2: Screening of Individual Homes	p. 118
4.4 Summary	p. 120
Problems	p. 121
5 Building Envelope Retrofit	p. 125
Abstract	p. 125
5.1 Introduction	p. 125
5.2 Simplified Calculation Tools for Building Envelope Audit	p. 126
5.2.1 Estimation of the Energy Use Savings	p. 126
5.2.2 Estimation of the BLC for the Building	p. 127
5.2.3 Estimation of the Degree-Days	p. 129
5.2.3.1 Erbs Method	p. 129
5.2.3.2 Shoenau and Kehrig Method	p. 130
5.2.3.3 Estimation of Heating Degree-Hours Associated with a Setback Temperature	p. 132
5.3 Analysis of Building Envelope Retrofit	p. 133
5.3.1 Insulation of Poorly Insulated Walls and Roofs	p. 133
5.3.2 Simplified Calculation Method for Building Foundation Heat Loss/Gain	p. 137
5.3.3 Window Improvements	p. 141
5.3.4 Reduction of Air Infiltration	p. 145
5.4 Summary	p. 149
Problems	p. 149
6 Electrical Systems Retrofit	p. 153
Abstract	p. 153
6.1 Introduction	p. 153
6.2 Review of Basics	p. 153
6.2.1 Alternating Current Systems	p. 154
6.2.2 Power Quality	p. 157
6.3 Electrical Motors	p. 160
6.3.1 Introduction	p. 160
6.3.2 Overview of Electrical Motors	p. 160
6.3.3 Energy-Efficient Motors	p. 162
6.3.3.1 General Description	p. 162
6.3.3.2 Energy Savings Calculations	p. 163
6.4 Lighting Systems	p. 165
6.4.1 Introduction	p. 165
6.4.2 Energy-Efficient Lighting Systems	p. 166
6.4.2.1 High-Efficiency Fluorescent Lamps	p. 166
6.4.2.2 Compact Halogen Lamps	p. 167
6.4.2.3 Electronic Ballasts	p. 167
6.4.2.4 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps	p. 168
6.4.3 Lighting Controls	p. 169
6.4.3.1 Dimming Switches	p. 169
6.4.3.2 Occupancy or Vacancy Sensors	p. 170
6.4.3.3 Photosensor-Based Controls	p. 170
6.4.4 Daylighting Harvesting Systems	p. 170
6.5 Electrical Appliances	p. 172
6.5.1 Typical Energy Use	p. 172
6.5.2 Energy Efficiency Standards	p. 172
6.5.3 Standby Power Loads	p. 178
6.6 Electrical Distribution Systems	p. 179
6.6.1 Introduction	p. 179
6.6.2 Electrical Wires	p. 181
6.7 Summary	p. 186
Problems	p. 187
7 Heating and Cooling Systems Retrofit	p. 189
Abstract	p. 189
7.1 Introduction	p. 189
7.2 Forced-Air Systems	p. 191
7.2.1 Psychrometic Analysis	p. 193
7.2.2 Ventilation	p. 196
7.2.3 Air Filters	p. 197
7.2.4 Duct Leakage	p. 198
7.2.5 Fan Operation	p. 199
7.2.6 Furnaces	p. 202
7.2.7 DX Cooling Systems	p. 203
7.2.8 Evaporative Coolers	p. 206
7.2.9 Other Air Forced Systems	p. 209
7.2.9.1 Air-to-Air Heat Pumps	p. 209
7.2.9.2 Energy Recovery Ventilators	p. 209
7.2.9.3 Desiccant Cooling Systems	p. 210
7.2.9.4 Ductless Mini-Splits	p. 210
7.3 Hydronic Systems	p. 210
7.3.1 Hot Water Boilers	p. 210
7.3.2 Radiant Heating Systems	p. 215
7.3.3 Radiant Cooling Systems	p. 219
7.4 Ground Source Heat Pumps	p. 220
7.4.1 Conventional Ground Source Heat Pumps	p. 220
7.4.2 Thermoactive Foundations	p. 222
7.5 Indoor Temperature Controls	p. 224
7.6 Comparative Analysis of Heating and Cooling Systems	p. 225
7.7 Summary	p. 228
Problems	p. 228
8 Water Systems Retrofit	p. 231
Abstract	p. 231
8.1 Introduction	p. 231
8.2 Indoor Water Management	p. 232
8.2.1 Water-Efficient Plumbing Fixtures	p. 232
8.2.1.1 Water-Saving Showerheads	p. 233
8.2.1.2 Water-Saving Toilets	p. 233
8.2.1.3 Water-Saving Faucets	p. 233
8.2.1.4 Repair Water Leaks	p. 234
8.2.1.5 Water/Energy-Efficient Appliances	p. 235
8.2.2 Domestic Hot Water Usage	p. 237
8.3 Domestic Hot Water Systems	p. 240
8.3.1 Types of Water Heaters	p. 240
8.3.2 Distribution Systems	p. 244
8.4 Outdoor Water Management	p. 246
8.4.1 Irrigation and Landscaping	p. 246
8.4.2 Wastewater Reuse	p. 248
8.5 Summary	p. 249
Problems	p. 249
9 Net-Zero Energy Retrofits	p. 251
Abstract	p. 251
9.1 Introduction	p. 251
9.2 Building Retrofit Optimization Approaches	p. 254
9.2.1 Sequential Search	p. 254
9.2.2 Genetic Algorithm	p. 255
9.2.3 Particle Swarm Optimization	p. 256
9.2.4 Applications	p. 256
9.3 Renewable Energy Systems	p. 258
9.3.1 Passive Solar Heating Systems	p. 259
9.3.2 Solar Thermal Collectors	p. 259
9.4 Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems	p. 261
9.4.1 Solar Combisystems	p. 262
9.4.2 PV Systems	p. 263
9.4.2.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems	p. 263
9.4.2.2 Photovoltaic/thermal Collectors	p. 265
9.5 Near-Optimal Retrofit Analysis Methodology	p. 266
9.5.1 General Methodology Description	p. 266
9.5.2 Case Study for ZNE Retrofit	p. 268
9.6 Guidelines for U.S. Home Retrofits	p. 270
9.7 Summary	p. 274
10 Methods for Estimating Energy Savings	p. 277
Abstract	p. 277
10.1 Introduction	p. 277
10.2 General Procedure	p. 278
10.3 Energy Savings Estimation Models	p. 281
10.3.1 Simplified Engineering Methods	p. 281
10.3.2 Regression Analysis Models	p. 281
10.3.3 Detailed Computer Simulation Models	p. 283
10.3.4 Calibration Criteria	p. 291
10.4 Applications	p. 293
10.5 Uncertainty Analysis	p. 294
10.6 M&V Case Study	p. 296
10.6.1 Background	p. 296
10.6.2 M&V Methods	p. 297
10.6.2.1 Calibrated Simulation Approach	p. 298
10.6.2.2 Whole Building Approach	p. 298
10.6.2.3 Temperature-Based Method	p. 299
10.6.2.4 Degree-Day-Based Method	p. 300
10.6.3 Selected Results	p. 302
10.6.4 Summary and Conclusions	p. 303
10.7 Summary	p. 304
11 Energy Audit Reporting Guidelines	p. 305
Abstract	p. 305
11.1 Reporting Guidelines	p. 305
11.1.1 Reporting for a Walkthrough Audit	p. 305
11.1.2 Reproting for a Standard Audit	p. 310
12 Case Studies	p. 315
Abstract	p. 315
12.1 Case Study 1: Walkthrough Audit	p. 315
12.1.1 Building Description	p. 315
12.1.2 Energy Efficiency Measures	p. 317
12.1.2.1 Building Envelope	p. 317
12.1.2.2 Appliances	p. 318
12.1.3 Economic Analysis	p. 319
12.1.4 Recommendations	p. 320
12.2 Case Study 2: Standard Audit of a Residence	p. 320
12.2.1 Architectural Characteristics	p. 320
12.2.2 Heating and Cooling Systems	p. 324
12.2.3 Lighting and Appliances	p. 324
12.2.4 Utility Analysis	p. 325
12.2.5 Air Leakage Testing	p. 327
12.2.6 BLC Calculation and Analysis	p. 329
12.2.7 Energy Modeling	p. 330
12.2.8 Model Calibration	p. 331
12.2.9 Energy Conservation Measures	p. 333
12.2.9.1 ECM-1: Reduce Heating Set Point	p. 333
12.2.9.2 ECM-2: Reduce Infiltration in the House	p. 333
12.2.9.3 ECM-3: Replace Garage Doors	p. 334
12.2.9.4 ECM-4: Upgrading Windows	p. 334
12.2.9.5 ECM-5: Upgrading Windows and Reducing Infiltration	p. 334
12.2.9.6 ECM-6: Reduced DHW Demand	p. 334
12.2.9.7 ECM-7: Improve Furnace Efficiency-House	p. 335
12.2.9.8 ECM-8: Improve Furnace Efficiency-Garage	p. 335
12.2.9.9 ECM-9: Heat Pump	p. 335
12.2.9.10 ECM-10: PV System	p. 335
12.2.10 Energy and Economical Analyses of ECMs	p. 335
12.2.11 Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 336
Appendix A Housing Archetypes	p. 339
Appendix B Thermal Properties of Building Materials	p. 355
Appendix C Heating and Cooling Degree Days (SI Units)	p. 369
Appendix D Heating and Cooling Degree Days (IP Units)	p. 381
References	p. 393
Index	p. 403
Conversion Factors (Metric to English)	p. 415

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Author Notes

Table of Contents