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Summary
Summary
Winner of the Choice Outstanding Academic Titles of 2010 award.Ensuring that buildings are healthy and comfortable for their occupants is a primary concern of all architects and building engineers. This highly practical handbook will help make that process more efficient and effective.It begins with a guide to how the human body and senses react to different indoor environmental conditions, together with basic information on the parameters of the indoor environment and problems that can occur. It then moves on to give a background to the development of the study and control of the indoor environment, examining the main considerations (including thermal, lighting, indoor air and sound-related aspects) for a healthy and comfortable indoor environment and discussing the drivers for change in the field. The final section presents a new approach towards health and comfort in the indoor environment, where meeting the wishes and demands of the occupants with a holistic strategy becomes the over-riding priority. The book is filled with useful facts, figures and analysis, and practical methods that designers who are keen to assess and improve the user experience of their buildings will find invaluable.
Author Notes
Dr Philomena Bluyssen works with TNO Built Environment and Geosciences. She has written more than 140 publications and has coordinated several European funded projects on indoor environment, including the European Audit project and the recent European HealthyAir project.
Reviews 1
Choice Review
This new book is a significant addition to the field of indoor environmental quality. The three-part work begins with a discussion of human responses to indoor environmental conditions. Part 2, "Health and Comfort in the Indoor Environment," defines "health and comfort" and examines historical information as well as current and future needs. The last section addresses the design and management of indoor environments. Bluyssen (TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Netherlands) is a leader who has coordinated several projects related to indoor environments. She includes all of the main environmental considerations (thermal, air quality, lighting, and sound) and presents and illustrates a top-down approach, which is based on the needs of building occupants. This holistic strategy is presented in a book that is holistic in content, with human factors and needs receiving more attention than commonly seen in other works. The appendixes provide significant content, including a listing of the current standards and regulations for thermal comfort, lighting, indoor air, and acoustical quality. An excellent set of references augment the text. Professionals who are working to make buildings healthy and comfortable will want to read this book and use it in their work. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All libraries. L. E. Erickson Kansas State University
Table of Contents
List of Figures, Tables, Boxes and Plates | p. ix |
Why this Book? | p. xvii |
How to Read this Book | p. xix |
Acknowledgements | p. xxi |
List of Symbols, Acronyms and Abbreviations | p. xxiii |
Part I Humans and the Indoor Environment | |
1 Health, Comfort and Indoor Environmental Control | p. 3 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 3 |
1.2 Disorders and diseases | p. 4 |
1.3 Indoor environmental parameters and control | p. 5 |
1.4 Link with Parts II and III | p. 6 |
2 Human Reception and Perception | p. 9 |
2.1 The human senses and human systems | p. 9 |
2.1.1 Human senses | p. 9 |
2.1.2 Human systems | p. 12 |
2.1.3 Possible diseases and disorders | p. 19 |
2.1.4 Measurement of human reception and perception | p. 21 |
2.2 The human skin | p. 22 |
2.2.1 Components of the skin | p. 22 |
2.2.2 Mechanisms | p. 24 |
2.2.3 Possible diseases and disorders | p. 25 |
2.3 The human eye | p. 25 |
2.3.1 Components of the eye | p. 25 |
2.3.2 Mechanisms | p. 26 |
2.3.3 Possible diseases and disorders | p. 28 |
2.4 The human nose | p. 30 |
2.4.1 Components of the nose | p. 30 |
2.4.2 Mechanisms | p. 31 |
2.4.3 Possible diseases and disorders | p. 36 |
2.5 The human ear | p. 36 |
2.5.1 Components of the ear | p. 36 |
2.5.2 Mechanisms | p. 36 |
2.5.3 Possible diseases and disorders | p. 39 |
2.6 The human respiratory tract | p. 39 |
2.6.1 Components of the respiratory tract | p. 39 |
2.6.2 Mechanisms | p. 40 |
2.6.3 Possible diseases and disorders | p. 41 |
3 The Indoor Environment | p. 45 |
3.1 Indoor environmental factors | p. 45 |
3.2 Thermal parameters | p. 45 |
3.2.1 Parameters and definitions | p. 45 |
3.2.2 Mechanisms | p. 47 |
3.2.3 Energy balance of a person | p. 51 |
3.2.4 Measurement | p. 53 |
3.2.5 Control strategies | p. 53 |
3.3 Lighting parameters | p. 55 |
3.3.1 Parameters and definitions | p. 55 |
3.3.2 Mechanisms | p. 57 |
3.3.3 Sources of light | p. 62 |
3.3.4 Soutces of non-visible electromagnetic radiation | p. 63 |
3.3.5 Measurement | p. 64 |
3.3.6 Control strategies | p. 64 |
3.4 Indoor air parameters | p. 66 |
3.4.1 Parameters and definitions | p. 66 |
3.4.2 Pollutants and sources | p. 68 |
3.4.3 Emissions mechanisms | p. 69 |
3.4.4 Ventilation mechanisms | p. 75 |
3.4.5 Measurement | p. 76 |
3.4.6 Control strategies | p. 78 |
3.5 Sound parameters | p. 81 |
3.5.1 Parameters and definitions | p. 82 |
3.5.2 Mechanisms | p. 85 |
3.5.3 Sources of noise | p. 89 |
3.5.4 Measurement | p. 89 |
3.5.5 Control strategies | p. 91 |
Part II Health and Comfort in the Indoor Environment | |
4 Past, Present and Future of Health and Comfort in the Indoor Environment | p. 95 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 95 |
4.2 Definition of health and comfort | p. 97 |
4.3 Drivers of health and comfort | p. 98 |
4.4 Link to Part III | p. 99 |
5 Defining Health and Comfort in the Indoor Environment | p. 101 |
5.1 Component-related approach | p. 101 |
5.1.1 From thermal comfort co simulation and adaptive comfort | p. 101 |
5.1.2 From daylight entry and visual comfort to lighting and health | p. 106 |
5.1.3 From ventilation to source control | p. 110 |
5.1.4 Ftom noise disturbance to noise, health and vibrations | p. 119 |
5.2 Bottom-up holistic approach | p. 123 |
5.2.1 More than one parameter | p. 123 |
5.2.2 Epidemiological studies | p. 125 |
5.2.3 Psycho-social effects | p. 128 |
5.3 Performance concepts and indicators | p. 132 |
5.3.1 Performance evaluations | p. 132 |
5.3.2 Financial evaluation | p. 136 |
5.3.3 Savings and productivity gains | p. 136 |
5.3.4 Health and comfort | p. 138 |
6 Drivers of Health and Comfort in the Indoor Environment | p. 141 |
6.1 External drivers | p. 141 |
6.1.1 Economic drivers | p. 141 |
6.1.2 Social drivers | p. 142 |
6.1.3 Policies, directives and regulations | p. 143 |
6.1.4 Climate change | p. 148 |
6.2 Internal drivers | p. 153 |
6.2.1 Basic needs of end users | p. 153 |
6.2.2 Stakes of direct stakeholders | p. 156 |
Part III Management of the Indoor Environment | |
7 An Interactive and Sustainable Approach | p. 165 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 165 |
7.2 Some facts | p. 167 |
7.3 The interactive top-down approach | p. 168 |
7.4 Some challenges for the future | p. 170 |
8 The Top-Down Approach | p. 173 |
8.1 A top-down approach complementary to the bottom-up approach | p. 173 |
8.1.1 Discrepancy of current standards with end users' needs | p. 173 |
8.1.2 Communication stakeholders | p. 174 |
8.1.3 Performance-based framework | p. 179 |
8.1.4 A top-down approach | p. 182 |
8.2 System engineering management | p. 186 |
8.2.1 System engineering | p. 186 |
8.2.2 The system engineering team and process | p. 189 |
8.3 End users' wishes and demands | p. 192 |
8.3.1 Modelling | p. 194 |
8.3.2 Observation of behaviour | p. 194 |
8.3.3 Questionnaires or surveys | p. 196 |
8.3.4 Evaluation of prototypes | p. 198 |
8.3.5 End users involved in the design team | p. 199 |
9 The Individual Interactions | p. 201 |
9.1 Interactions | p. 201 |
9.2 Interactions at the human level | p. 201 |
9.2.1 Physiological interactions | p. 201 |
9.2.2 Psychological interactions | p. 205 |
9.2.3 Interactions between human beings | p. 210 |
9.3 Interactions at the indoor environmental parameter level | p. 210 |
9.3.1 Indoor chemistry | p. 210 |
9.3.2 Microbiological growth | p. 210 |
9.3.3 Biological lighting | p. 212 |
9.3.4 (Fine) dust | p. 213 |
9.3.5 Noise and vibrations | p. 215 |
9.4 Interactions at the building (element) level | p. 225 |
9.4.1 Building elements | p. 215 |
9.4.2 Interactions of the building with the indoor environment | p. 217 |
9.4.3 Interactions of the building with the outdoor environment | p. 219 |
9.5 Interactions of people with their environment | p. 221 |
9.5.1 From inside to outside | p. 221 |
9.5.2 From outside to inside | p. 222 |
10 Summary and Conclusions | p. 229 |
Annexes | |
A Tobus | p. 233 |
A.1 Questionnaire IEQ TOBUS | p. 233 |
A.2 TOBUS checklist for building managers | p. 237 |
A.3 TOBUS checklist for auditors | p. 239 |
B Sensory Evaluation by the Human Nose | p. 241 |
B.1 General techniques and attributes | p. 241 |
B.2 Trained panel method | p. 243 |
C Current Standards and Regulations | p. 251 |
C.1 Thermal comfort | p. 251 |
C.2 Lighting quality | p. 254 |
C.3 Indoor air quality | p. 256 |
C.4 Regulatory and voluntary schemes | p. 261 |
C.5 Acoustical quality | p. 263 |
D Some Attributes and Factors | p. 265 |
D.1 Building quality assessment (BQA) checklist | p. 265 |
D.2 Serviceability tools and methods (STM)-topics of serviceability scales | p. 266 |
D.3 Housing Health and Safety Rating System | p. 267 |
References | p. 269 |
Index | p. 283 |