Carbon capture and storage

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a technology aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels during industrial and energy-related processes. CCS involves the capture, transport and long-term storage of carbon dioxide, usually in geological reservoirs deep underground that would otherwise be released to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide capture and storage offers important possibilities for making further use of fossil fuels more compatible with climate change mitigation policies. The largest volumes of CO2 could be captured from large point sources such as from power generation, which alone accounts for about 40 per cent of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The development of capture technologies in the power generation sector could be particularly important in view of the projected increase in demand for electricity in fast developing countries with enormous coal reserves (IEA 2002a). Although, this prospect is promising, more research is needed to overcome several hurdles such as important costs of capture technology and the match of large capture sources with adequate geological storage sites. The book will provide a comprehensive, detailed but non-specialist overview of the wide range of technologies involved in carbon dioxide capture and sequestration.

Author Notes

Stephen A. Rackley holds a Doctorate in Experimental Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. He has worked for 26 years in the energy industry, with experience in some of the main technologies that are key to the currently most mature CO2 storage option - identification, assessment, monitoring and verification of sub-surface storage in the geo-sphere. More recently, his focus is on bringing significant new and evolving technologies to an advanced level (but non-specialist) student, engineering and project management audience.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xv
Part 1 Introduction and overview	p. 1
1 Introduction	p. 3
1.1 The carbon cycle	p. 5
1.2 Mitigating growth of the atmospheric carbon inventory	p. 11
1.3 The process of technology innovation	p. 13
1.4 References and resources	p. 18
2 Overview of carbon capture and storage	p. 19
2.1 Carbon capture	p. 19
2.2 Carbon storage	p. 24
2.3 References and resources	p. 28
3 Power generation fundamentals	p. 29
3.1 Physical and chemical fundamentals	p. 29
3.2 Fossil-fueled power plant	p. 43
3.3 Combined cycle power generation	p. 56
3.4 Future developments in power-generation technology	p. 61
3.5 References and resources	p. 63
Part 2 Carbon capture technologies	p. 65
4 Carbon capture from power generation	p. 67
4.1 Introduction	p. 67
4.2 Precombustion capture	p. 68
4.3 Postcombustion capture	p. 71
4.4 Oxyfuel combustion capture	p. 75
4.5 Chemical looping capture systems	p. 78
4.6 Capture-ready and retrofit power plant	p. 84
4.7 Approaches to zero-emission power generation	p. 86
4.8 References and resources	p. 92
5 Carbon capture from industrial processes	p. 95
5.1 Cement production	p. 95
5.2 Steel production	p. 97
5.3 Oil refining	p. 99
5.4 Natural gas processing	p. 101
5.5 References and resources	p. 101
6 Absorption capture systems	p. 103
6.1 Chemical and physical fundamentals	p. 103
6.2 Absorption applications in postcombustion capture	p. 111
6.3 Absorption technology RD&D status	p. 117
6.4 References and resources	p. 130
7 Adsorption capture systems	p. 133
7.1 Physical and chemical fundamentals	p. 133
7.2 Adsorption process applications	p. 143
7.3 Adsorption technology RD&D status	p. 148
7.4 References and resources	p. 157
8 Membrane separation systems	p. 159
8.1 Physical and chemical fundamentals	p. 159
8.2 Membrane configuration and preparation and module construction	p. 174
8.3 Membrane technology RD&D status	p. 179
8.4 Membrane applications in precombustion capture	p. 182
8.5 Membrane and molecular sieve applications in oxyfuel combustion	p. 187
8.6 Membrane applications in postcombustion CO 2 separation	p. 189
8.7 Membrane applications in natural gas processing	p. 190
8.8 References and resources	p. 194
9 Cryogenic and distillation systems	p. 195
9.1 Physical Fundamentals	p. 195
9.2 Distillation column configuration and operation	p. 197
9.3 Cryogenic oxygen production for oxyfuel combustion	p. 199
9.4 Ryan-Holmes process for CO 2 -CH 4 separation	p. 201
9.5 RD&D in cryogenic and distillation technologies	p. 204
9.6 References and resources	p. 205
10 Mineral carbonation	p. 207
10.1 Physical and chemical fundamentals	p. 207
10.2 Current state of technology development	p. 213
10.3 Demonstration and deployment outlook	p. 221
10.4 References and resources	p. 224
Part 3 Storage and monitoring technologies	p. 227
11 Geological storage	p. 229
11.1 Introduction	p. 229
11.2 Geological and engineering fundamentals	p. 229
11.3 Enhanced oil recovery	p. 243
11.4 Saline aquifer storage	p. 250
11.5 Other geological storage options	p. 261
11.6 References and resources	p. 265
12 Ocean storage	p. 267
12.1 Introduction	p. 267
12.2 Physical, chemical, and biological fundamentals	p. 267
12.3 Direct CO 2 injection	p. 275
12.4 Chemical sequestration	p. 280
12.5 Biological sequestration	p. 281
12.6 References and resources	p. 285
13 Storage in terrestrial ecosystems	p. 287
13.1 Introduction	p. 287
13.2 Biological and chemical fundamentals	p. 288
13.3 Terrestrial carbon storage options	p. 298
13.4 Full GHG accounting for terrestrial storage	p. 307
13.5 Current R&D focus in terrestrial storage	p. 308
13.6 References and resources	p. 315
14 Other sequestration and use options	p. 317
14.1 Enhanced industrial usage	p. 317
14.2 Algal biofuel production	p. 320
14.3 References and resources	p. 326
Part 4 Carbon dioxide transportation	p. 329
15 Carbon dioxide transportation	p. 331
15.1 Pipeline transportation	p. 332
15.2 Marine transportation	p. 340
15.3 References and resources	p. 343
Part 5 Carbon capture and storage information resources	p. 345
16 Further sources of information	p. 347
16.1 National and international organizations and projects	p. 347
16.2 Resources by technology area	p. 350
16.3 CCS-related online journals and newsletters	p. 352
17 Units, acronyms, and glossary	p. 353
17.1 CCS units and conversion factors	p. 353
17.2 CCS-related acronyms	p. 354
17.3 CCS technology glossary	p. 361
Index	p. 373

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