Saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions with electricity

The upcoming decrease and possible elimination of the use of fossil fuels will be a result of the ongoing imperative to make existing uses of electricity efficient and practical. This book guides the reader toward electrification with explanations on the concept of electrification and of CO2 reductions through expanded end-use applications of electricity. Topics covered include electric cars; airport, seaport, railroad and mining electrification; industrial uses of electricity in a variety of processes; residential building use of electricity; enhancing energy efficiency and demand response.

Author Notes

Gellings has a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Newark College of Engineering in New Jersey, a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from New Jersey Institute of Technology, and a Master of Management Science from the Wesley J. Howe School of Technology Management at Stevens Institute of Technology. Gellings is registered Professional Engineer, a Life Fellow in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics, Engineers, a Fellow in the illuminating Engineering Society, and both on Honorary and Distinguished Member of CIGRE and immediate Post-President of its U.S. National Committee.

1 Introduction - Electricity's Attributes	p. 1
Electricity Powers Growth	p. 4
Electricity Powers Digital Devices	p. 4
Electricity: Gateway to the Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 6
Technical Attributes of Electricity	p. 10
Economic	p. 13
Resource Use	p. 13
Electricity Leverages Exergy	p. 15
References	p. 18
2 The Concept of Electrification	p. 19
EPRI's Prism and MERGE	p. 24
Electricity Technology Under a Carbon-Constrained Future	p. 26
MERGE Analysis	p. 28
European Climate Foundation	p. 32
Eurelectric	p. 32
Conclusions	p. 36
References	p. 38
3 C02 Reductions Through Expanded End-Use Applications of Electricity	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
The Climate Stabilization Challenge	p. 40
Power Delivery and End Use	p. 41
Total Resource Efficiency	p. 43
Sources of C02 Reductions	p. 47
Energy Savings From Beneficial New Uses	p. 48
Reductions in C02 Emissions From Beneficial New Uses	p. 49
Identifying and Screening Technologies	p. 51
Technical and Realistic Potentials by Sector	p. 55
Japanese Study	p. 57
European Study	p. 60
United Kingdom	p. 60
Conclusion	p. 61
References	p. 61
4 Electric On-Road Transportation	p. 63
The Rebirth of Electric Cars	p. 66
Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles	p. 71
Smart Charging	p. 73
Truck Stop Electrification	p. 77
Truck Driver Benefits From TSE	p. 78
Two Major Types of Truck Stop Electrification	p. 78
Societal Benefits From TSE	p. 79
Emission Reduction Benefits of TSE	p. 80
Conclusions	p. 80
References	p. 80
5 Electrifying Off-Road Motive Power	p. 81
Forklifts	p. 84
Airport Electrification	p. 89
Seaport Electrification	p. 92
Railroad Electrification	p. 99
Mining Electrification	p. 103
New Opportunities for Electrification	p. 104
References	p. 105
6 Beneficial Industrial Uses Of Electricity: Industrial Introduction And Process Industries	p. 107
Process Industries	p. 110
Food Processing	p. 111
Membrane Processing	p. 121
Freeze Concentration	p. 125
Microwave Hearing and Processing	p. 127
Desalination	p. 135
Electrolytics	p. 137
New Applications for Mechanical Energy	p. 139
Electrifying IC Motor Applications	p. 140
Municipal Waste and Water Electrification	p. 143
Conclusion	p. 148
References	p. 148
7 Beneficial Industrial Uses Of Electricity: Metals Production	p. 149
Metals Production	p. 149
Dielectric Heating	p. 157
Resistance Heating and Melting	p. 165
Conclusion	p. 167
References	p. 167
8 Beneficial Industrial Uses Of Electricity: Materials Fabrication	p. 169
Materials Fabrication	p. 169
Electron Beam Machining	p. 174
Electric Discharge Machining	p. 174
Electrochemical Machining	p. 175
Electroforming	p. 176
Electrochemical Finishing	p. 177
Laser Beam Machining	p. 177
Electron Beam Welding	p. 178
Laser Beam Welding	p. 179
Plasma Welding	p. 179
Resistance Welding	p. 180
References	p. 186
9 Beneficial Commercial Building Uses Of Electricity	p. 187
Space Conditioning	p. 187
Variable Capacity Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps for Commercial Buildings	p. 192
Advanced Heating and Cooling Technologies	p. 200
Space Conditioning and/or Water Heating Using Carbon Dioxide (C02) Refrigeration Cycle	p. 208
Water Heating	p. 211
Food Service	p. 215
Laundry	p. 218
Other Commercial Applications	p. 219
Medical Electronics	p. 225
References	p. 226
10 Beneficial Residential Building Uses Of Electricity	p. 227
Space Conditioning (Heating and Cooling)	p. 227
Water Heating	p. 233
Residential Appliances	p. 234
Conclusions	p. 238
References	p. 238
11 Enhancing Energy Efficiency	p. 239
Other Estimates of the Potential for Energy Efficiency	p. 243
Historic Perspective on Energy Efficiency	p. 251
References	p. 254
12 Demand Response	p. 257
Definitions	p. 260
Background	p. 261
Four Building Blocks of Demand Response	p. 263
Where is the Biggest Impact?	p. 263
The Potential for Summer Peak Demand Savings from Utility Programs	p. 264
Examples of Real Applications	p. 266
How to Enable Demand Response	p. 271
What Does DR-Ready Entail?	p. 272
Why Aren't Today's Appliances, Information Technology and Consumer Electronics DR-Ready?	p. 273
Alternatives to Enabling DR-Ready End-Use Products	p. 274
A Possible Approach Toward Implementation of DR-Ready Programs	p. 279
Identify Underlying Drivers and Interests among Key Stakeholders	p. 279
Determine State of Industry and Technology Including Drivers and Barriers	p. 282
Define Product Attributes that Warrant "DR-Ready" Designation	p. 283
Build Coalition with Strategic Partners	p. 284
Develop Roadmap of Target Products	p. 284
Develop standards for exchanging information with smart appliances	p. 285
References	p. 286
Index	p. 287

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Table of Contents