Mechanosensing and mechanochemical transduction in extracellular matrix : biological, chemical, engineering, and physiological aspects

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Cover image for Mechanosensing and mechanochemical transduction in extracellular matrix : biological, chemical, engineering, and physiological aspects

Title:

Personal Author:

Silver, Frederick H., 1949-

Publication Information:

New York, NY : Springer, 2006

ISBN:

9780387256313

Subject Term:

Extracellular matrix

Extracellular matrix -- Mechanical properties

Cellular signal transduction

Cell interaction

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010144236	QP88.23 S54 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This is the only single authored text on biological polymers available for bioengineering and biomedical engineering students. The book describes the structure of polymers and how these molecules are put together to make the tissues of the body and also their role in surgical implants and in structural diseases. It provides essential reading for biomedical engineers, biologists, physicians, health care professionals and other biomedical researchers who are interested in understanding how physical forces affect the biology, physiology and pathophysiology of humans. The author is an expert on the effect of mechanical forces on extracellular matrix.

Author Notes

Frederick H. Silver, PhD., is currently Professor of Pathology and Laboratory medicine at UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School

Foreword	p. v
Preface	p. vii
Acknowledgments	p. ix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Mechanochemical Transduction in Tissues	p. 1
1.1 Background	p. 1
1.1.1 Significance	p. 3
1.1.2 Background Definitions	p. 4
1.2 Cell and ECM Macromolecular Structure	p. 8
1.2.1 Cellular Components	p. 8
1.2.2 Macromolecular Structure	p. 16
1.3 Mineralized Versus Nonmineralized Tissues	p. 20
1.4 Cell Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, and Mechanochemical Transduction	p. 20
1.5 Internal Stresses in Tissues	p. 22
1.5.1 Internal Stresses Acting within Cartilage	p. 23
1.6 Mechanical Properties	p. 24
1.7 Mechanochemical Transduction Processes	p. 25
1.8 Scope of Book	p. 25
Suggested Reading	p. 27
Chapter 2 Macromolecular Structures in Tissues	p. 28
2.1 Introduction	p. 28
2.2 Protein Structure	p. 31
2.2.1 Stereochemistry of Polypeptides	p. 31
2.2.2 Primary and Secondary Structure	p. 37
2.2.3 Supramolecular Structure	p. 45
2.2.3.1 Primary and Secondary Structures of Proteins	p. 45
2.2.3.2 [Alpha] Helix	p. 45
2.2.3.3 [Beta] Sheet	p. 45
2.2.3.4 Collagens	p. 47
2.2.3.4.1 Collagen Triple Helix	p. 50
2.2.3.4.2 Random Chain Coils	p. 54
2.2.4 Examples of Other Proteins	p. 56
2.2.4.1 Keratin	p. 56
2.2.4.2 Actin and Myosin	p. 58
2.2.5 Cell Attachment Factors	p. 59
2.2.6 Integrins	p. 60
2.2.7 Fibrinogen	p. 62
2.2.8 Tubulin	p. 62
2.3 Polysaccharides	p. 62
2.3.1 Stereochemistry of Sugars	p. 63
2.3.2 Stereochemistry of Polysaccharides	p. 63
2.3.2.1 Supramolecular Structure	p. 66
2.3.3 Structure of Glycosaminoglycans	p. 66
2.4 Glycoprotein and Proteoglycan Structure	p. 68
2.5 Stereochemistry of Lipids	p. 72
2.6 Stereochemistry of Nucleic Acids	p. 73
2.6.1 Primary and Secondary Structure of DNA and RNA	p. 73
2.7 Relationship Between Higher-Order Structures and Mechanical Properties	p. 74
2.8 Summary	p. 74
Suggested Reading	p. 75
Chapter 3 Microscopic and Macroscopic Structure of Tissues	p. 76
3.1 Introduction	p. 76
3.1.1 Generalized Approach to Tissue Structural Analyses	p. 81
3.2 Structure of External and Internal Lining Tissues	p. 82
3.2.1 Histology of Alveoli and Bronchus	p. 84
3.2.2 Histology of Cornea	p. 85
3.2.3 Oral Histology	p. 85
3.2.4 Histology of Peritoneum and Pleura	p. 86
3.2.5 Histology of Skin	p. 87
3.2.5.1 Detailed Structure and Composition of Skin	p. 88
3.2.6 Histology of Uterus	p. 93
3.3 Conduit and Holding Structures	p. 94
3.3.1 Structure of Blood Vessels and Lymphatics	p. 95
3.3.1.1 Detailed Structure and Composition of Blood Vessels	p. 96
3.3.2 Structure of Stomach and Intestines	p. 99
3.3.3 Structure of Bladder and Ureter	p. 101
3.4 Parenchymal or Organ Supporting Structures	p. 102
3.5 Skeletal Structures	p. 102
3.5.1 Detailed Structure and Composition of Hyaline Cartilage	p. 107
3.5.1.1 Macromolecular Components of Articular Cartilage	p. 109
3.5.1.2 Collagen Fibril Orientation in Articular Cartilage	p. 112
3.5.1.3 Zonal Structure of Articular Cartilage	p. 112
3.5.2 Detailed Structure and Composition Tendon, Ligament, and Joint Capsule	p. 114
3.5.2.1 Role of Proteoglycans (PGs) in Tendon	p. 115
3.5.3 Detailed Structure of Mineralizing Tendon	p. 116
3.6 Summary	p. 119
Suggested Reading	p. 119
Chapter 4 Determination of Physical Structure and Modeling	p. 120
4.1 Introduction	p. 120
4.2 Viscosity	p. 121
4.2.1 What Is Viscosity?	p. 122
4.2.2 Determination of the Shape Factor	p. 123
4.2.3 Determination of Intrinsic Viscosity	p. 123
4.2.4 Intrinsic Viscosity of Biological Macromolecules	p. 125
4.3 Light Scattering	p. 126
4.4 Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering	p. 130
4.5 Ultracentrifugation	p. 134
4.6 Electron Microscopy	p. 135
4.7 Determination of Physical Parameters for Biological Macromolecules	p. 137
4.8 Summary	p. 138
Suggested Reading	p. 139
Chapter 5 Self-Assembly of Biological Macromolecules	p. 140
5.1 Introduction	p. 140
5.2 Theory of Assembly of Biological Macromolecules	p. 142
5.3 Methods for Studying Self-Assembly Processes	p. 144
5.3.1 Light Scattering	p. 145
5.3.2 Equilibrium Ultracentrifugation	p. 147
5.3.3 Electron Microscopy	p. 148
5.4 Collagen Self-Assembly	p. 149
5.4.1 Collagen Assemby in Developing Tendon	p. 152
5.5 Assembly of Cytoskeletal Components	p. 159
5.5.1 Actin Self-Assembly	p. 159
5.5.2 Tubulin	p. 160
5.6 Actin-Myosin Interaction	p. 163
5.7 Fibrinogen	p. 163
5.8 Summary	p. 165
Suggested Reading	p. 166
Chapter 6 Mechanical Properties of Biological Macromolecules	p. 168
6.1 Introduction	p. 168
6.2 Mechanical Properties of Model Polypeptides	p. 170
6.3 Mechanical Properties of Collagenous Tissues	p. 174
6.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Oriented Collagen Networks	p. 174
6.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Alignable Collagen Networks	p. 176
6.3.3 Mechanical Properties of Alignable Composite Networks	p. 176
6.3.4 Mechanical Properties of Hard Tissue	p. 178
6.4 Cellular Contribution	p. 179
6.5 Summary	p. 179
Suggested Reading	p. 180
Chapter 7 Viscoelastic Mechanical Properties of Tissues	p. 181
7.1 Introduction	p. 181
7.2 Viscoelastic Behavior	p. 184
7.3 Molecular Basis of Elastic and Viscous Properties	p. 184
7.4 Experimental Determination of Elastic and Viscous Mechanical Properties	p. 185
7.4.1 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Stress-Strain Curves for Tendon	p. 186
7.4.2 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Stress-Strain Curves for Model Collagen Fiber Systems	p. 187
7.4.3 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Stress-Strain Curves for Skin	p. 192
7.4.4 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Properties of Vessel Wall	p. 193
7.4.5 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Properties of Cartilage	p. 193
7.4.6 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Properties of Mineralized Tendon	p. 195
7.4.7 Effects of Strain Rate and Cyclic Loading	p. 195
7.5 Internal Loads in ECMs and the Net Load and Stress	p. 196
7.6 Summary	p. 197
Suggested Reading	p. 197
Chapter 8 Models of Mechanical Properties of ECMs	p. 199
8.1 Introduction	p. 199
8.2 Modeling Techniques	p. 199
8.3 Mechanical Modeling of Aligned Connective Tissue	p. 203
8.3.1 Mechanical Models of Mineralized Tendon	p. 206
8.4 Mechanical Models of Orientable Connective Tissue	p. 208
8.5 Mechanical Models of Composite ECMs	p. 208
8.6 Mechanical Models of Vessel Walls	p. 209
8.7 Summary	p. 212
Suggested Reading	p. 212
Chapter 9 Mechanochemical Sensing and Transduction	p. 211
9.1 Introduction	p. 211
9.2 How Is Gravity Sensed by Cells?	p. 212
9.2.1 Gravity and Cellular Responses	p. 213
9.3 Intracellular Signal Transduction Mechanisms	p. 218
9.3.1 How Does Mechanosensing Occur?	p. 222
9.3.2 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Protein Synthesis	p. 222
9.3.3 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Intercellular Communication	p. 223
9.4 Stresses in Extracellular Matrices and Mechanochemical Transduction	p. 223
9.4.1 Internal Tensile Stresses in Skin	p. 225
9.4.2 Internal Tensile Stresses in Cartilage	p. 226
9.4.3 Internal Stresses in Bone	p. 229
9.4.4 Internal Stresses in Vessel Wall	p. 229
9.4.5 Internal Stresses in Lung	p. 230
9.5 Influence of External Forces on the Behavior of Skin and Skin Cells	p. 230
9.5.1 Influence of External Forces on Vessel Walls	p. 231
9.5.2 Influence of External Forces on Bone	p. 232
9.5.3 Influence of Internal and External Forces on Lung	p. 234
9.6 Summary of the Effects of Internal and External Mechanical Forces	p. 234
9.7 Influence of External Forces on Macromolecular Components of ECM	p. 235
9.8 Effects of Physical Forces on Cell-ECM Interactions	p. 236
9.8.1 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Skin Cells	p. 237
9.8.2 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Lung Cells	p. 240
9.8.3 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Vessel Wall Cells	p. 242
9.8.4 Mechanochemical Transduction by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs)	p. 243
9.8.5 Influence of Soluble Mediators and Mechanical Forces on Articular Cartilage Cells	p. 245
9.8.6 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Bone-Forming Cells	p. 247
9.9 Summary	p. 250
References	p. 251
Chapter 10 Mechanochemical Transduction and Its Role in Biology	p. 262
10.1 Introduction	p. 262
10.2 Relationship Between Mechanotransduction and Aging	p. 263
10.3 Design and Use of Medical Implants Including Engineered Tissues	p. 264
10.4 Relationship Between Mechanochemical Transduction and Connective Tissue Diseases	p. 265
10.5 Wound Healing and Scarring	p. 269
10.6 Summary	p. 270
Index	p. 271

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Author Notes

Table of Contents