Third-generation systems and intelligent wireless networking : smart antennas and adaptive modulation

Title:

Personal Author:

Blogh, J.S. (Jonathan S.)

Publication Information:

Chichester, West Sussex : IEEE Press/John Wiley, 2002

ISBN:

9780470845196

Subject Term:

Adaptive antennas

Modulation (Electronics)

Cellular telephone systems

Global system for mobile communications

Added Author:

Hanzo, Lajos, 1952-

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
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Intelligent networking provides value-added communications capabilities such as cost reduction, improved service delivery, increased variety, and quality of services Provides an all-encompassing self-contained treatment of adaptive modulation, adaptive antennas, and adaptive networking Provides an overview of the various CMA-based 3G wireless standards--UTRA, IMT 2000, and cdma 2000 Presents the principles of beamforming and the various techniques used for its implementation Quantifies the UTRA network capacity under various channel conditions

Author Notes

Jonathan Blogh was awarded an MEng. degree with Distinction in Information Engineering from the University of Southampton, UK in 1997. In the same year he was also awarded the IEE Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran Memorial Prize for his interest in and commitment to mobile radio and RF engineering. Between 1997 and 2000 he conducted postgraduate research and in 2001 he earned a PhD in mobile communications at the University of Southampton, UK. His current areas of research include the networking aspects of FDD and TDD mode third generation mobile cellular networks. Currently he is with Radioscape, London, UK, working as a senior software engineer.

Lajos Hanzo (http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk) received his degree in electronics in 1976 and his doctorate in 1983. During his 25-year career in telecommunications he has held various research and academic posts in Hungary, Germany and the UK. Since 1986 he has been with the Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, UK, where he holds the chair in telecommunications. He has co-authored eight books on mobile radio communications, published over 300 research papers, organised and chaired conference sessions, presented overview lectures and been awarded a number of distinctions. Currently he is managing an academic research team, working on a range of research projects in the field of wireless multimedia communications sponsored by industry, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) UK, the European IST Programme and the Mobile Virtual Centre of Excellence (VCE), UK. He is an enthusiastic supporter of industrial and academic liaison and he offers a range of industrial courses. He is also an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer. For further information on research in progress and associated publications please refer to http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
1 Third-Generation CDMA Systems	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Basic CDMA System	p. 2
1.2.1 Spread Spectrum Fundamentals	p. 2
1.2.1.1 Frequency Hopping	p. 3
1.2.1.2 Direct Sequence	p. 3
1.2.2 The Effect of Multipath Channels	p. 6
1.2.3 RAKE Receiver	p. 9
1.2.4 Multiple Access	p. 13
1.2.4.1 Downlink Interference	p. 14
1.2.4.2 Uplink Interference	p. 15
1.2.4.3 Gaussian Approximation	p. 18
1.2.5 Spreading Codes	p. 20
1.2.5.1 m-sequences	p. 20
1.2.5.2 Gold Sequences	p. 21
1.2.5.3 Extended m-sequences	p. 22
1.2.6 Channel Estimation	p. 22
1.2.6.1 Downlink Pilot-Assisted Channel Estimation	p. 23
1.2.6.2 Uplink Pilot-Symbol assisted Channel Estimation	p. 24
1.2.6.3 Pilot-Symbol Assisted Decision-Directed Channel Estimation	p. 25
1.2.7 Summary	p. 27
1.3 Third-Generation Systems	p. 27
1.3.1 Introduction	p. 27
1.3.2 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)	p. 29
1.3.2.1 Characteristics of UTRA	p. 29
1.3.2.2 Transport Channels	p. 32
1.3.2.3 Physical Channels	p. 33
1.3.2.3.1 Dedicated Physical Channels	p. 36
1.3.2.3.2 Common Physical Channels	p. 38
1.3.2.3.2.1 Common Physical Channels of the FDD Mode	p. 38
1.3.2.3.2.2 Common Physical Channels of the TDD Mode	p. 42
1.3.2.4 Service Multiplexing and Channel Coding in UTRA	p. 44
1.3.2.4.1 CRC Attachment	p. 45
1.3.2.4.2 Transport Block Concatenation	p. 45
1.3.2.4.3 Channel-Coding	p. 45
1.3.2.4.4 Radio Frame Padding	p. 48
1.3.2.4.5 First Interleaving	p. 48
1.3.2.4.6 Radio Frame Segmentation	p. 48
1.3.2.4.7 Rate Matching	p. 48
1.3.2.4.8 Discontinuous Transmission Indication	p. 48
1.3.2.4.9 Transport Channel Multiplexing	p. 49
1.3.2.4.10 Physical Channel Segmentation	p. 49
1.3.2.4.11 Second Interleaving	p. 49
1.3.2.4.12 Physical Channel Mapping	p. 49
1.3.2.4.13 Mapping Several Multirate Services to the UL Dedicated Physical Channels in FDD Mode	p. 49
1.3.2.4.14 Mapping of a 4.1 Kbps Data Service to the DL DPDCH in FDD Mode	p. 51
1.3.2.4.15 Mapping Several Multirate Services to the UL Dedicated Physical Channels in TDD Mode	p. 52
1.3.2.5 Variable-Rate and Multicode Transmission in UTRA	p. 55
1.3.2.6 Spreading and Modulation	p. 56
1.3.2.6.1 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes	p. 57
1.3.2.6.2 Uplink Scrambling Codes	p. 59
1.3.2.6.3 Downlink Scrambling Codes	p. 59
1.3.2.6.4 Uplink Spreading and Modulation	p. 60
1.3.2.6.5 Downlink Spreading and Modulation	p. 60
1.3.2.7 Random Access	p. 61
1.3.2.7.1 Mobile-Initiated Physical Random Access Procedures	p. 61
1.3.2.7.2 Common Packet Channel Access Procedures	p. 63
1.3.2.8 Power Control	p. 63
1.3.2.8.1 Closed-Loop Power Control in UTRA	p. 63
1.3.2.8.2 Open-Loop Power Control in TDD Mode	p. 64
1.3.2.9 Cell Identification	p. 64
1.3.2.9.1 Cell Identification in the FDD Mode	p. 64
1.3.2.9.2 Cell Identification in the TDD Mode	p. 67
1.3.2.10 Handover	p. 68
1.3.2.10.1 Intra-Frequency Handover or Soft Handover	p. 69
1.3.2.10.2 Inter-Frequency Handover or Hard Handover	p. 69
1.3.2.11 Intercell Time Synchronisation in the UTRA TDD Mode	p. 70
1.3.3 The cdma2000 Terrestrial Radio Access	p. 71
1.3.3.1 Characteristics of cdma2000	p. 72
1.3.3.2 Physical Channels in cdma2000	p. 73
1.3.3.3 Service Multiplexing and Channel Coding	p. 75
1.3.3.4 Spreading and Modulation	p. 76
1.3.3.4.1 Downlink Spreading and Modulation	p. 79
1.3.3.4.2 Uplink Spreading and Modulation	p. 80
1.3.3.5 Random Access	p. 80
1.3.3.6 Handover	p. 83
1.3.4 Performance-Enhancement Features	p. 85
1.3.4.1 Downlink Transmit Diversity Techniques	p. 85
1.3.4.1.1 Space Time Block Coding-Based Transmit Diversity	p. 85
1.3.4.1.2 Time-Switched Transmit Diversity	p. 85
1.3.4.1.3 Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity	p. 85
1.3.4.2 Adaptive Antennas	p. 85
1.3.4.3 Multi-User Detection/Interference Cancellation	p. 85
1.3.5 Summary of 3G Systems	p. 86
1.4 Summary and Conclusions	p. 87
2 Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Wireless Transceivers	p. 89
2.1 Motivation	p. 89
2.2 Narrowband Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Modulation	p. 90
2.3 Wideband Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Modulation	p. 93
2.3.1 Channel quality metrics	p. 93
2.4 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Transceivers	p. 96
2.5 BbB-AQAM Performance	p. 99
2.6 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Performance	p. 103
2.6.1 AQAM Switching Thresholds	p. 104
2.6.2 Turbo-coded AQAM videophone performance	p. 105
2.7 BbB Adaptive Joint-detection CDMA Video Transceiver	p. 107
2.7.1 Multi-user Detection for CDMA	p. 107
2.7.2 JD-ACDMA Modem Mode Adaptation and Signalling	p. 109
2.7.3 The JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver	p. 110
2.7.4 JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver Performance	p. 113
2.8 Subband-Adaptive OFDM Video Transceivers	p. 116
2.9 Summary and Conclusions	p. 118
3 Intelligent Antenna Arrays and Beamforming	p. 123
3.1 Introduction	p. 123
3.2 Beamforming	p. 124
3.2.1 Antenna Array Parameters	p. 124
3.2.2 Potential Benefits of Antenna Arrays in Mobile Communications	p. 125
3.2.2.1 Multiple Beams	p. 125
3.2.2.2 Adaptive Beams	p. 126
3.2.2.3 Null Steering	p. 126
3.2.2.4 Diversity Schemes	p. 127
3.2.2.5 Reduction in Delay Spread and Multipath Fading	p. 131
3.2.2.6 Reduction in Co-channel Interference	p. 132
3.2.2.7 Capacity Improvement and Spectral Efficiency	p. 134
3.2.2.8 Increase in Transmission Efficiency	p. 134
3.2.2.9 Reduction in Handovers	p. 134
3.2.3 Signal Model	p. 134
3.2.4 A Beamforming Example	p. 138
3.2.5 Analogue Beamforming	p. 139
3.2.6 Digital Beamforming	p. 139
3.2.7 Element-Space Beamforming	p. 140
3.2.8 Beam-Space Beamforming	p. 141
3.3 Adaptive Beamforming	p. 143
3.3.1 Fixed Beams	p. 145
3.3.2 Temporal Reference Techniques	p. 146
3.3.2.1 Least Mean Squares	p. 148
3.3.2.2 Normalised Least Mean Squares Algorithm	p. 151
3.3.2.3 Sample Matrix Inversion	p. 151
3.3.2.4 Recursive Least Squares	p. 159
3.3.3 Spatial Reference Techniques	p. 160
3.3.3.1 Antenna Calibration	p. 160
3.3.4 Blind Adaptation	p. 163
3.3.4.1 Constant Modulus Algorithm	p. 163
3.3.5 Adaptive Arrays in the Downlink	p. 165
3.3.6 Adaptive Beamforming Performance Results	p. 166
3.3.6.1 Two Element Adaptive Antenna Using Sample Matrix Inversion	p. 167
3.3.6.2 Two Element Adaptive Antenna Using Unconstrained Least Mean Squares	p. 167
3.3.6.3 Two Element Adaptive Antenna Using Normalised Least Mean Squares	p. 170
3.3.6.4 Performance of a Three Element Adaptive Antenna Array	p. 174
3.3.6.5 Complexity analysis	p. 182
3.4 Summary and Conclusions	p. 192
4 Adaptive Arrays in Cellular Networks	p. 193
4.1 Introduction	p. 193
4.2 Modelling Adaptive Antenna Arrays	p. 194
4.2.1 Algebraic Manipulation with Optimal Beamforming	p. 194
4.2.2 Using Probability Density Functions	p. 196
4.2.3 Sample Matrix Inversion Beamforming	p. 197
4.3 Channel Allocation Techniques	p. 199
4.3.1 Overview of Channel Allocation	p. 200
4.3.1.1 Fixed Channel Allocation	p. 201
4.3.1.1.1 Channel Borrowing	p. 203
4.3.1.1.2 Flexible Channel Allocation	p. 204
4.3.1.2 Dynamic Channel Allocation	p. 205
4.3.1.2.1 Centrally Controlled DCA Algorithms	p. 206
4.3.1.2.2 Distributed DCA Algorithms	p. 207
4.3.1.2.3 Locally distributed DCA algorithms	p. 208
4.3.1.3 Hybrid Channel Allocation	p. 209
4.3.1.4 The Effect of Handovers	p. 210
4.3.1.5 The Effect of Transmission Power Control	p. 210
4.3.2 Simulation of the Channel Allocation Algorithms	p. 211
4.3.2.1 The Mobile Radio Network Simulator, "Netsim"	p. 211
4.3.2.1.1 Physical Layer Model	p. 213
4.3.2.1.2 Shadow Fading Model	p. 214
4.3.3 Overview of Channel Allocation Algorithms	p. 215
4.3.3.1 Fixed Channel Allocation Algorithm	p. 215
4.3.3.2 Distributed Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithms	p. 216
4.3.3.3 Locally Distributed Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithms	p. 217
4.3.3.4 Performance Metrics	p. 217
4.3.3.5 Nonuniform Traffic Model	p. 220
4.3.4 DCA Performance without Adaptive Arrays	p. 221
4.4 Employing Adaptive Antenna Arrays	p. 221
4.5 Multipath Propagation Environments	p. 225
4.6 Network Performance Results	p. 232
4.6.1 System Simulation Parameters	p. 232
4.6.2 Non-Wraparound Network Performance Results	p. 240
4.6.2.1 Performance Results over a LOS Channel	p. 240
4.6.2.2 Performance Results over a Multipath Channel	p. 246
4.6.2.3 Performance over a Multipath Channel using Power Control	p. 251
4.6.2.4 Transmission over a Multipath Channel Using Power Control and Adaptive Modulation	p. 260
4.6.2.5 Power Control and Adaptive Modulation Algorithm	p. 261
4.6.2.6 Performance of PC-assisted, AQAM-aided Dynamic Channel Allocation	p. 265
4.6.2.7 Summary of Non-Wraparound Network Performance	p. 270
4.6.3 Wrap-around Network Performance Results	p. 272
4.6.3.1 Performance Results over a LOS Channel	p. 272
4.6.3.2 Performance Results over a Multipath Channel	p. 276
4.6.3.3 Performance over a Multipath Channel using Power Control	p. 280
4.6.3.4 Performance of an AQAM based Network using Power Control	p. 287
4.7 Summary and Conclusions	p. 294
5 UTRA, Adaptive Arrays and Adaptive Modulation	p. 295
5.1 Introduction	p. 295
5.2 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access	p. 296
5.3 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access	p. 298
5.3.1 Spreading and Modulation	p. 299
5.3.2 Common Pilot Channel	p. 303
5.3.3 Power Control	p. 304
5.3.3.1 Uplink Power Control	p. 305
5.3.3.2 Downlink Power Control	p. 306
5.3.4 Soft Handover	p. 306
5.3.5 Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio Calculations	p. 307
5.3.5.1 Downlink	p. 307
5.3.5.2 Uplink	p. 308
5.3.6 Multi-User Detection	p. 309
5.4 Simulation Results	p. 310
5.4.1 Simulation Parameters	p. 310
5.4.2 The Effect of Pilot Power on Soft Handover Results	p. 314
5.4.2.1 Fixed Received Pilot Power Thresholds without Shadowing	p. 314
5.4.2.2 Fixed Received Pilot Power Thresholds with 0.5 Hz Shadowing	p. 319
5.4.2.3 Fixed Received Pilot Power Thresholds with 1.0 Hz Shadowing	p. 320
5.4.2.4 Summary	p. 321
5.4.2.5 Relative Received Pilot Power Thresholds without Shadowing	p. 322
5.4.2.6 Relative Received Pilot Power Thresholds with 0.5 Hz Shadowing	p. 323
5.4.2.7 Relative Received Pilot Power Thresholds with 1.0 Hz Shadowing	p. 327
5.4.2.8 Summary	p. 329
5.4.3 E[subscript c]/I[subscript o] Power Based Soft Handover Results	p. 329
5.4.3.1 Fixed E[subscript c]/I[subscript o] Thresholds without Shadowing	p. 329
5.4.3.2 Fixed E[subscript c]/I[subscript o] Thresholds with 0.5 Hz Shadowing	p. 332
5.4.3.3 Fixed E[subscript c]/I[subscript o] Thresholds with 1.0 Hz Shadowing	p. 335
5.4.3.4 Summary	p. 336
5.4.3.5 Relative E[subscript c]/I[subscript o] Thresholds without Shadowing	p. 336
5.4.3.6 Relative E[subscript c]/I[subscript o] Thresholds with 0.5 Hz Shadowing	p. 337
5.4.3.7 Relative E[subscript c]/I[subscript o] Thresholds with 1.0 Hz Shadowing	p. 341
5.4.3.8 Summary	p. 341
5.4.4 Overview of Results	p. 342
5.4.5 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment	p. 343
5.4.6 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays and Adaptive Modulation in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment	p. 351
5.5 Summary and Conclusions	p. 359
6 Conclusions and Further Research	p. 361
6.1 Summary and Conclusions	p. 361
6.2 Further Research	p. 366
Glossary	p. 367
Bibliography	p. 369
Author Index	p. 395
Subject Index	p. 407

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