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Searching... | 32050000000709 | R857.C4 H47 2014 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
Biomaterials are produced in situ and in vivo in the body using mainly hydration reactions, that is, reactions between phosphates, silicates or aluminates, and water. The nanostructural integration of these biomaterials in the body is controlled by six mechanisms. The biomaterial interaction with body liquid results in bioactivity and total closure of the contact zone between the biomaterial and hard tissue.
This book describes the new biomaterials based on nanostructural chemically bonded bioceramics and discusses their general and specific properties. It presents an overview of the nanostructural chemically bonded bioceramics, including their processing aspects, properties, integration with tissues, relation to other bioceramics and biomaterials, and nanostructural integration in different dental and orthopaedic applications. The book also describes the potential application areas for these new chemically bonded bioceramics.
Author Notes
Leif Hermansson is founder of Doxa AB, Sweden, and holds two professorships, one in materials chemistry within bioceramics and the other in structural ceramics. He has held various positions at Uppsala University and Stockholm University and lectures regularly at conferences on biomaterials all over the world. He has published 75 scientific papers and is author of 40 original patents in biomaterials, including ceramic processing, properties, and applications.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
1 Introduction to Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 1 |
1.1 Chemically Bonded Bioceramics: An Overview | p. 1 |
1.2 Stable and Resorbable Chemically Bonded Ceramics | p. 4 |
1.2.1 Stable Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 4 |
1.2.2 Resorbable Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 6 |
1.3 Summary and Conclusions | p. 8 |
2 Structures of Hard Tissue and the Importance of in situ-, in vivo-Formed Bioceramics | p. 11 |
2.1 Hard Body Tissue Structures: An Overview | p. 11 |
2.2 Interaction between Chemically Bonded Ceramics and Hard Tissue | p. 13 |
2.2.1 Contact Zone Reaction between Chemically Bonded Bioceramics and Hard Tissue | p. 13 |
2.3 Summary and Conclusion | p. 16 |
3 Overview of Chemical Reactions, Processing, and Properties | p. 17 |
3.1 Chemical Reactions during Setting and Hardening: An Overview | p. 17 |
3.1.1 Mechanism 1 | p. 18 |
3.1.2 Mechanisms 2 and 3 | p. 18 |
3.1.3 Mechanism 4 | p. 19 |
3.1.4 Mechanism 5 | p. 20 |
3.1.5 Mechanism 6 | p. 20 |
3.2 Property Features of Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 21 |
3.2.1 Property Profile Aspects | p. 21 |
3.2.2 Practical Properties | p. 23 |
3.3 Summary and Conclusion | p. 25 |
4 Additives Used in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 29 |
4.1 Additives Normally Used for Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 29 |
4.1.1 Complementary Binding Phases for Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 30 |
4.1.2 Processing Agents for Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 30 |
4.1.3 Fillers Used in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 31 |
4.2 Summary | p. 32 |
5 Test Methods with Special Reference to Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 33 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 33 |
5.2 Test Methods and Nanostructures | p. 34 |
5.2.1 Micro-/Nanostructural Evaluation | p. 34 |
5.2.2 Mechanical Properties | p. 34 |
5.2.3 Dimensional Stability: Shrinkage or Expansion? | p. 36 |
5.3 Summary | p. 36 |
6 Why Even Difficult to Avoid Nanostructures in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics? | p. 41 |
6.1 Why Nanostructures in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics? | p. 41 |
6.1.1 Calculations | p. 42 |
6.2 Nanostructures in the Calcium Aluminate-Calcium Phosphate System | p. 43 |
6.3 Conclusion | p. 47 |
7 Nanostructures and Related Properties | p. 49 |
7.1 Nanostructure, Including Crystal Size and Porosity Structure | p. 49 |
7.1.1 Nanostructure, Including the Nanoporosity Developed | p. 49 |
7.1.2 Microstructure and Gap (Contact Zone) Closure | p. 50 |
7.2 Nanostructures and Mechanical Strength | p. 51 |
7.3 Additional Property Features of Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 52 |
7.4 Conclusion | p. 53 |
Appendix: Theoretical Model for Calculation of the Optimal Volume Share of Fillers | p. 53 |
8 Nanostructures and Specific Properties | p. 57 |
8.1 Nanostructures, Including Phases and Porosity for Specific Properties | p. 57 |
8.1.1 Bioactivity and Anti-Bacterial Properties Simultaneously | p. 58 |
8.1.1.1 Bioactivity | p. 58 |
8.1.1.2 Anti-bacterial aspects | p. 58 |
8.1.2 Microleakage | p. 61 |
8.2 Drug Delivery Carriers | p. 64 |
8.3 Haemocompatibility | p. 64 |
8.4 Conclusions and Outlook | p. 67 |
9 Dental Applications within Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 71 |
9.1 Chemically Bonded Bioceramics for Dental Applications: An Introduction | p. 71 |
9.2 Dental Applications | p. 73 |
9.2.1 Dental Cements | p. 73 |
9.2.2 Endodontics | p. 75 |
9.2.3 Dental Fillings | p. 78 |
9.2.4 Dental Implant Coatings | p. 79 |
9.3 Summary and Conclusion | p. 79 |
10 Orthopaedic Applications within Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 83 |
10.1 Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Applications | p. 83 |
10.2 Chemically Bonded Bioceramics for Orthopaedic Applications | p. 84 |
10.2.1 Ca-Aluminate-Based Orthopaedic Materials | p. 84 |
10.2.1.1 PVP | p. 85 |
10.2.1.2 KVP | p. 85 |
10.2.2 Ca-Aluminate-Based Orthopaedic Coating Materials | p. 87 |
10.2.2.1 Point-welding | p. 89 |
10.3 Summary and Conclusions | p. 90 |
11 Carriers for Drug Delivery Based on Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 93 |
11.1 Chemically Bonded Bioceramics as Carriers for Drug Delivery: Introduction | p. 93 |
11.2 Important Aspects of Carriers for Drug Delivery | p. 94 |
11.2.1 General Aspects | p. 95 |
11.2.2 Drug-Loading and Manufacturing Aspects | p. 97 |
11.2.3 Drug Release Control Aspects | p. 99 |
11.2.3.1 Types of chemically bonded ceramics | p. 99 |
11.2.3.2 Grain size distribution | p. 99 |
11.2.3.3 Micro structure of additional particles (additives) for drug incorporation | p. 100 |
11.2.3.4 Pharmaceutical compositions | p. 101 |
11.3 Summary and Conclusion | p. 102 |
12 Clinical Observations and Testing | p. 105 |
12.1 Clinical Evaluation: An Introduction | p. 105 |
12.2 Dental Biomaterial Evaluation | p. 106 |
12.2.1 Introduction | p. 106 |
12.2.2 Dental Luting Cement: Prospective Observations | p. 107 |
12.2.3 Endodontic Fillings: A Retrospective Investigation of a Ca-Aluminate-Based Material in Root Canal Sealing | p. 113 |
12.3 Orthopaedic Biomaterial Evaluation | p. 118 |
12.3.1 Introduction | p. 118 |
12.3.2 Clinical Studies | p. 119 |
12.3.2.1 A prospective clinical study in PVP | p. 123 |
12.3.3 Presentation of clinical results | p. 125 |
12.3.3.1 Primary effectiveness variable | p. 125 |
12.3.3.2 Secondary effectiveness variables | p. 127 |
12.4 Overall Conclusions | p. 129 |
13 Classification and Summary of Beneficial Features of Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 133 |
13.1 Introduction: A Classification of Biomaterials | p. 133 |
13.2 Processing and Property Profile | p. 136 |
13.3 Unique Properties | p. 137 |
13.4 Applications for Nanostructutal Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 137 |
14 Future Aspects of Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics | p. 141 |
14.1 Introduction | p. 141 |
14.2 Possible Future Developments | p. 142 |
14.2.1 Nanostructural CBBC Materials | p. 142 |
14.2.2 Specific Properties | p. 142 |
14.2.3 Active Additives | p. 142 |
14.2.4 Third-Generation Biomaterials | p. 143 |
14.3 Conclusion | p. 143 |
Definitions | p. 147 |
Abbreviations | p. 149 |
Index | p. 153 |