Liquid vapor phase change phenomena : an introduction to the thermophysics of vaporization and condensation processes in heat transfer equipment

Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena presents the basic thermophysics and transport principles that underlie the mechanisms of condensation and vaporization processes. The text has been thoroughly updated to reflect recent innovations in research and to strengthen the fundamental focus of the first edition. Starting with an integrated presentation of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics and interfacial phenomena associated with vaporization and condensation, coverage follows of the heat transfer and fluid flow mechanisms in such processes. The second edition includes significant new material on the nanoscale and microscale thermophysics of boiling and condensation phenomena and the use of advanced computational tools to create new models of phase-change events. The importance of basic phenomena to a wide variety of applications is emphasized and illustrated throughout using examples and problems. Suitable for senior undergraduate and first-year graduate students in mechanical or chemical engineering, the book can also be a helpful reference for practicing engineers or scientists studying the fundamental physics of nucleation, boiling and condensation.

Author Notes

Van P. Carey is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of California at Berkeley.

Preface	p. xi
Nomenclature	p. xiii
Introductory Remarks	p. xix
Part 1 Thermodynamic and Mechanical Aspects of Interfacial Phenomena and Phase Transitions
1 The Liquid-Vapor Interfacial Region - A Nanoscale Perspective	p. 3
1.1 A Molecular Perspective on Liquid-Vapor Transitions	p. 3
1.2 The Interfacial Region - Molecular Theories of Capillarity	p. 13
1.3 Nanoscale Features of the Interfacial Region	p. 20
1.4 Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of Interfacial Region Thermophysics	p. 29
References	p. 34
Problems	p. 36
2 The Liquid-Vapor Interface - A Macroscopic Treatment	p. 39
2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Interfacial Tension Effects	p. 39
2.2 Determination of Interface Shapes at Equilibrium	p. 46
2.3 Temperature and Surfactant Effects on Interfacial Tension	p. 53
2.4 Surface Tension in Mixtures	p. 56
2.5 Near Critical Point Behavior	p. 58
2.6 Effects of Interfacial Tension Gradients	p. 60
References	p. 68
Problems	p. 69
3 Wetting Phenomena and Contact Angles	p. 73
3.1 Equilibrium Contact Angles on Smooth Surfaces	p. 73
3.2 Wettability, Cohesion, and Adhesion	p. 78
3.3 The Effect of Liquid Surface Tension on Contact Angle	p. 83
3.4 Adsorption	p. 86
3.5 Spread Thin Films	p. 87
3.6 Contact Angle Hysteresis	p. 93
3.7 Other Metrics for Wettability	p. 99
3.8 A Nanoscale View of Wettability	p. 102
References	p. 104
Problems	p. 105
4 Transport Effects and Dynamic Behavior at Interfaces	p. 107
4.1 Transport Boundary Conditions	p. 107
4.2 Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities	p. 112
4.3 Interface Stability of Liquid Jets	p. 121
4.4 Waves on Liquid Films	p. 128
4.5 Interfacial Resistance in Vaporization and Condensation Processes	p. 134
4.6 Maximum Flux Limitations	p. 143
References	p. 147
Problems	p. 148
5 Phase Stability and Homogeneous Nucleation	p. 151
5.1 Metastable States and Phase Stability	p. 151
5.2 Thermodynamic Aspects of Homogeneous Nucleation in Superheated Liquid	p. 164
5.3 The Kinetic Limit of Superheat	p. 172
5.4 Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Superheat Limits	p. 177
5.5 Thermodynamic Aspects of Homogeneous Nucleation in Supercooled Vapor	p. 182
5.6 The Kinetic Limit of Supersaturation	p. 186
5.7 Wall Interaction Effects on Homogeneous Nucleation	p. 192
References	p. 196
Problems	p. 197
Part 2 Boiling and Condensation Near Immersed Bodies
6 Heterogeneous Nucleation and Bubble Growth in Liquids	p. 203
6.1 Heterogeneous Nucleation at a Smooth Interface	p. 203
6.2 Nucleation from Entrapped Gas or Vapor in Cavities	p. 210
6.3 Criteria for the Onset of Nucleate Boiling	p. 220
6.4 Bubble Growth in an Extensive Liquid Pool	p. 226
6.5 Bubble Growth Near Heated Surfaces	p. 232
6.6 Bubble Departure Diameter and the Frequency of Bubble Release	p. 242
References	p. 247
Problems	p. 250
7 Pool Boiling	p. 253
7.1 Regimes of Pool Boiling	p. 253
7.2 Models of Transport During Nucleate Boiling	p. 259
7.3 Correlation of Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Data	p. 275
7.4 The Maximum Heat Flux Conditions	p. 287
7.5 Minimum Heat Flux Conditions	p. 302
7.6 Film Boiling	p. 305
7.7 Transition Boiling	p. 331
References	p. 337
Problems	p. 342
8 Other Aspects of Boiling and Evaporation in an Extensive Ambient	p. 345
8.1 Additional Parametric Effects on Pool Boiling	p. 345
8.2 The Leidenfrost Phenomenon	p. 359
8.3 Fluid-Wall Interactions and Disjoining Pressure Effects	p. 371
8.4 Enhancement of Pool Boiling Heat Transfer	p. 383
8.5 Pool Boiling of Binary Mixtures	p. 387
References	p. 403
Problems	p. 409
9 External Condensation	p. 413
9.1 Heterogeneous Nucleation in Vapors	p. 413
9.2 Dropwise Condensation	p. 418
9.3 Film Condensation on a Flat, Vertical Surface	p. 428
9.4 Film Condensation on Cylinders and Axisymmetric Bodies	p. 444
9.5 Effects of Vapor Motion and Interfacial Waves	p. 449
9.6 Condensation in the Presence of a Noncondensable Gas	p. 455
9.7 Enhancement of Condensation Heat Transfer	p. 466
References	p. 468
Problems	p. 472
Part 3 Internal Flow Convective Boiling and Condensation
10 Introduction to Two-Phase Flow	p. 479
10.1 Two-Phase Flow Regimes	p. 479
10.2 Basic Models and Governing Equations for One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow	p. 491
10.3 Determination of the Two-Phase Multiplier and Void Fraction	p. 499
10.4 Analytical Models of Annular Flow	p. 518
10.5 Effects of Flow Passage Size and Geometry	p. 529
References	p. 532
Problems	p. 535
11 Internal Convective Condensation	p. 537
11.1 Regimes of Convective Condensation in Conventional (Macro) Tubes	p. 537
11.2 Analytical Modeling of Downflow Internal Convective Condensation	p. 542
11.3 Correlation Methods for Convective Condensation Heat Transfer	p. 550
11.4 Convective Condensation in Microchannels and Channels with Noncircular Cross Sections	p. 562
11.5 Internal Convective Condensation of Binary Mixtures	p. 568
References	p. 577
Problems	p. 580
12 Convective Boiling in Tubes and Channels	p. 583
12.1 Regimes of Convective Boiling in Conventional (Macro) Tubes	p. 583
12.2 Onset of Boiling in Internal Flows	p. 590
12.3 Subcooled Flow Boiling	p. 598
12.4 Saturated Flow Boiling	p. 608
12.5 Critical Heat Flux Conditions for Internal Flow Boiling	p. 625
12.6 Post-CHF Internal Flow Boiling	p. 644
12.7 Internal Flow Boiling in Microchannels and Complex Enhanced Flow Passages	p. 664
12.8 Internal Flow Boiling of Binary Mixtures	p. 676
References	p. 689
Problems	p. 700
Appendix I Basic Elements of the Kinetic Theory of Gases	p. 703
Appendix II Saturation Properties of Selected Fluids	p. 713
Appendix III Analysis Details for the Molecular Theory of Capillarity	p. 729
Index	p. 735

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