Cover image for State and evolution of the Baltic Sea, 1952-2005 : a detailed 50-year survey of meteorology and climate, physics, chemistry, biology, and marine environment
Title:
State and evolution of the Baltic Sea, 1952-2005 : a detailed 50-year survey of meteorology and climate, physics, chemistry, biology, and marine environment
Publication Information:
Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley-Interscience, 2008
Physical Description:
xxi, 703 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 26 cm. + 1 CD-ROM
ISBN:
9780471979685
General Note:
Accompanied by CD-ROM : CP 016763

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30000010191451 GC571 S72 2008 Open Access Book Book
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30000010285254 GC571 S72 2008 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Based on a fifty-year study conducted by the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, this book brings together a comprehensive summary of their observations and findings. Written by well-known experts, this revealing book concentrates on long-term changes in the Baltic Sea'which can be extrapolated to shed light on the environmental problems of other shelf seas, brackish seas, and large estuaries'thereby contributing to our understanding of water exchange processes, eutrophication, and climatic impacts at the forefront of international concern.


Author Notes

Rainer Feistel, PhD, is a physicist and oceanographer at IOW inWarnemünde, Germany, and is the author of four previous books.

Günther Nausch, PhD, is a senior marine chemist at IOW, where he works on nutrient cycles and long-term trend observations in the Baltic Sea.

Norbert Wasmund, PhD, is a senior marine biologist at IOW, where he specializes in phytoplankton research and is responsible for biological monitoring.


Table of Contents

1 Introduction
2 General oceanography of the Baltic Sea
2.1 Specific natural conditions and their consequences
2.2 Estuarine circulation
2.2.1 Long term exchange
2.2.2 Short term barotropic exchange
2.2.3 Stratification and mixing in the channels
2.2.4 Quantifying the stochastic salt exchange associated with the barotropic water exchange
2.3 Wind driven currents
2.3.1 Ekman current and transport
2.3.2 Upwelling and coastal jets
2.4 Surface waves, tides, seiches, surges
2.4.1 Surface gravity waves
2.4.2 Seiches and wind stau
2.4.3 Tides
2.5 Kelvin waves, topographic waves and eddies
2.5.1 Kelvin waves
2.5.2 Coastal trapped waves and continental shelf waves
2.5.3 Eddies
2.6 Internal waves, turbulence, diapycnical mixing
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Vertical mixing in the interior
2.7 References
3 The history of long-term observations in Warnem8nde
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ship-borne measurements at fixed stations
3.2.1 Basic oceanographic instrumentation for ship-borne measurements
3.2.2 Oceanographic observations in the 1950s and 1960s
3.2.3 International cooperation 1969-2005
3.2.4 Activities in the frame of BMP, 1979-2005
3.3 Buoy stations and measuring platforms
3.3.1 The first buoy stations
3.3.2 MARNET stations
3.3.3 Current meter stations in the central Baltic Sea
3.4 Parameters measured
3.5 Data quality
3.6 References110
4 Weather of the Baltic Sea
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Extreme weather conditions
4.2.1 Hurricanes, gales
4.2.2 Storm surges
4.3 Special weather situations
4.3.1 Baltic cyclones
4.3.2 Land and sea breeze
4.3.3 Warnemnder wind
4.3.4 General Vb- and Omega-weather types
4.4 Greenhouse effect
4.5 Acknowledgment
4.6 References
5 Baltic climate change
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Seasonal cycles
5.3 Climatic trends
5.4 Climatic variability
5.4.1 Year-to-year fluctuations
5.4.2 Decadal scale changes
5.4.3 Possible trigger mechanisms
5.5 Conclusions and outlook
5.6 References
6 Current Observations in the western Baltic Sea
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Great Belt and Fehmarnbelt
6.2.1 Great Belt
6.2.2 Fehmarnbelt
6.3 Arkona Sea West and Drogden Sill
6.3.1 Darss Sill
6.3.2 Drogden Sill
6.3.3 From Kriegers Flak to Hiddensee
6.4 Around Rgen
6.4.1 West off Hiddensee
6.4.2 Wittow
6.4.3 Kap Arkona
6.4.4 Tromper Wiek
6.4.5 From Landtief A to Jan Heweliusz
6.4.6 Oderbank
6.5 Conclusions
6.6 Acknowledgement
6.7 References
7 Sea state and tides
7.1 Sea state
7.1.1 History of observation and research
7.1.2 Observation and measurement
7.1.3 Sea state characteristics and wave generating factors
7.1.3.1 Wind sea characteristics
7.1.3.2 Wave height frequency distribution
7.1.3.3 Wave spectra
7.1.3.4 Wave generating and wave modifying factors (wind, fetch, wind duration, water depth)
7.1.3.5 Special phenomena (air-sea temperature, currents, crossing seas)
7.1.4 Calculation and forecast of the sea state
7.1.4.1 Empirical wave parameter calculation
7.1.4.2 Empirical wave spectra
7.1.4.3 Numerical models
7.1.5 Wave climatology
7.1.5.1 Open sea wave climate
7.1.5.2 Wave climate of the coastal zone
7.1.6 Extreme wave conditions
7.2 Tides
7.2.1 History of tidal research in the Baltic Sea
7.2.2 Theory of tides in the Baltic Sea and a proper model concept
7.2.3 Modelling of co-oscillating and direct tides
7.3 Reference