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Summary
Summary
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State-of-the-art renewable energy science research and applicationsSolar Hydrogen Generation: Transition Metal Oxides in Water Photoelectrolysis provides expert techniques for extracting hydrogen from water using transition metal oxides as catalysts. The basic processes of electrochemistry and photocatalysis for hydrogen production are described along with photocatalytic reactions and semiconductor photocatalysts, particularly metal oxides.
This in-depth guide illustrates the corresponding crystal structure vs. electronic structure and optical properties vs. light absorption of transition metal oxides. Impurity and doped photocatalysts, integrated organic and inorganic systems, surface and interface chemistry, and nanostructure and morphology in photocatalysis applications are all addressed. This comprehensive resource introduces soft x-ray absorption (XAS), soft x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering (RIXS), followed by a description of instrumentation.
COVERAGE INCLUDES:
* Hydrogen generation: electrochemistry and photoelectrolysis * Photocatalytic reactions, oxidation, and reduction * Transition metal oxides * Crystal structure and electronic structure * Optical properties and light absorption * Impurity, dopants, and defects * Surface and morphology * Soft x-ray spectroscopy and electronic structure
Author Notes
Jinghua Guo, Ph.D., is a staff scientist of Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He was previously a faculty member at Uppsala University, Sweden. Dr. Guo is the author of more than 200 peer-reviewed scientific publications, an editor of the International Journal of Nanotechnology , guest editor for the Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena , and a reviewer for scientific journals, including Physical Review Letters, Nature Chemistry, Nano Letters , and Journal of the American Chemical Society .
Xiaobo Chen, Ph.D. , is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Missouri - Kansas City. He was previously a research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California - Berkeley. Dr. Chen has published 40 peer-reviewed scientific articles with more than 6,000 citations, holds three U.S. and international patents, is the chair for Materials Research Society Spring Meeting: Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials in 2011 and 2012, and is a reviewer for many scientific journals, including Science, Journal of the American Chemical Society , and Advanced Materials .
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xiii |
1 Hydrogen Generation: Electrochemistry and Photoelectrolysis | p. 1 |
1.1 Electrochemistry | p. 5 |
1.2 Photocatalysis | p. 10 |
2 Photocatalytic Reactions, Oxidation, and Reduction | p. 13 |
2.1 Basic Points in Photocatalytic Reactions | p. 16 |
2.2 Semiconductor Catalysts | p. 18 |
2.3 Biomimetic Catalysts | p. 20 |
2.4 Nanostructured Catalysts | p. 21 |
3 Transition Metal Oxides | p. 23 |
3.1 Metal Oxide Semiconductors | p. 28 |
3.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalyst Materials | p. 30 |
3.3 d° Metal Oxide Photocatalyts | p. 30 |
3.3.1 Ti-, Zr-Based Oxides | p. 35 |
3.3.2 Nb-, Ta-Based Oxides | p. 36 |
3.3.3 W-, Mo-Based Oxides | p. 45 |
3.3.4 Other d° Metal Oxides | p. 46 |
3.4 d10 Metal Oxide Photocatalysts | p. 46 |
3.5 f° Metal Oxide Photocatalysts | p. 47 |
4 Crystal Structure and Electronic Structure | p. 49 |
4.1 Crystal Structure | p. 51 |
4.2 TiO2 | p. 56 |
4.3 Fe Oxides | p. 61 |
4.4 Electronic Structure of 3d Transition Metal Oxides | p. 62 |
4.4.1 Ti02 | p. 62 |
4.4.2 ZnO | p. 64 |
5 Optical Properties and Light Absorption | p. 67 |
5.1 Ti02 | p. 69 |
6 Impurity, Dopants, and Defects | p. 73 |
6.1 Single-Element Doped TiO2 | p. 76 |
6.1.1 Metal Doped Ti02 | p. 76 |
6.1.2 Nonmetal Doped TiO2 | p. 85 |
6.2 Metal/Nonmetal Ion Co-doping | p. 92 |
6.3 Doped ZnO | p. 94 |
6.4 Controlling Band Structure by Making Solid Solutions | p. 94 |
6.4.1 Oxide Solid Solutions | p. 94 |
6.4.2 Oxynitride Solid Solutions | p. 97 |
6.5 Organic and Inorganic Systems | p. 99 |
7 Surface and Morphology | p. 101 |
7.1 Surface and Interface Chemistry | p. 103 |
7.2 Nanostructure and Morphology | p. 105 |
7.2.1 Quantum-Sized Transition Metal Oxides | p. 106 |
7.2.2 TiO2 Quantum Dots | p. 107 |
7.2.3 Bandgap Engineering for Visible Light Response | p. 110 |
7.2.4 Bandgap at the Surface | p. 112 |
7.2.5 Bandgap Change from Crystal Structure | p. 112 |
8 Soft X-ray Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure | p. 113 |
8.1 Soft X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy | p. 116 |
8.2 Resonantly Excited Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy | p. 118 |
8.3 Electronic Structure of Metal Oxide Catalysts | p. 119 |
8.3.1 TiO2 | p. 119 |
8.3.2 Fe2O3 Catalysts | p. 122 |
8.3.3 Co Nanocrystals and Co3O4 Catalysts | p. 122 |
8.3.4 ZnO | p. 128 |
8.4 In Situ Electronic Structure Characterization | p. 129 |
8.5 NiCL, Water Solutions | p. 131 |
8.6 In Situ Study of Electrochemical Reaction | p. 132 |
References | p. 135 |
Index | p. 175 |