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Summary
Summary
Forensic chemists and toxicologists work with drugs and poisons, but they each start with different evidence. Forensic chemists working in a crime lab must determine if the physical evidence they receive is an illegal substance such as marijuana or cocaine. They are also responsible for samples - including fire debris, soil, paint, glass, explosives, and fibers - obtained from suspected arson crimes. Toxicologists, on the other hand, work with biological evidence such as blood, saliva, urine, and feces, using analytical chemistry to identify chemical traces and unmetabolized drugs. They often work in labs associated with a medical examiner's office or a hospital. ""Drugs, Poisons, and Chemistry"" touches on all aspects of forensic chemistry.
Author Notes
Suzanne Bell, Ph.D., holds a degree in chemistry from New Mexico State University and an M.S. in forensic science from the University of New Haven. She is currently an associate professor of chemistry and director of forensic and investigative sciences at West Virginia University
Excerpts
Excerpts
Forensic chemists and toxicologists work with drugs and poisons, but they each start with different evidence. Forensic chemists working in a crime lab must determine if the physical evidence they receive is an illegal substance such as marijuana or cocaine. They are also responsible for samples--including fire debris, soil, paint, glass, explosives, and fibers--obtained from suspected arson crimes. Toxicologists, on the other hand, work with biological evidence such as blood, saliva, urine, and feces, using analytical chemistry to identify chemical traces and unmetabolized drugs. They often work in labs associated with a medical examiner's office or a hospital. Drugs, Poisons, and Chemistry touches on all aspects of forensic chemistry, including how it developed and what it includes today. This useful new book covers a short history of forensic chemistry, detailing the story of arsenic and those who developed effective tests to detect it. Delving into the tools and techniques used by forensic chemists--ranging from such familiar tools as the microscope to slightly more obscure tools as the use of antibodies to detect toxins--this comprehensive resource provides a thorough examination of these three main areas of forensic chemistry. Chapters include: History and Pioneers Scientific Principles, Instrumentation, and Equipment Toxicology: Drugs and Poisons in the Body Forensic Drug Analysis Conclusions: The Future of Drugs, Poisons, and Chemistry. Excerpted from Drugs, Poisons, and Chemistry by Suzanne Bell All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher.Table of Contents
Preface | p. ix |
Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
Introduction | p. xv |
1 History and Pioneers | p. 1 |
Paracelsus: A Grandfather of Forensic Toxicology | p. 2 |
Arsenic | p. 4 |
The Case of Mary Blandy | p. 7 |
James Marsh and the Marsh Test | p. 8 |
M. J. B. Orfila: The Father of Forensic Toxicology | p. 11 |
2 Scientific Principles, Instrumentation, and Equipment | p. 13 |
Early Analytical Techniques: Wet Chemistry | p. 13 |
Gold | p. 15 |
Chemistry of Color | p. 18 |
William Brooke O'Shaughnessy: A Pioneer in Pharmacology | p. 23 |
Flow of Forensic Analysis | p. 27 |
Thin-Layer Chromatography | p. 27 |
Development of Instrumental Techniques | p. 31 |
Microscopes: Moving Light | p. 31 |
Walter McCrone and Microchemistry | p. 35 |
Hyphenated Instruments: Separation and Detection | p. 36 |
Spectrophotometry: Instruments and Electromagnetic Energy | p. 38 |
Microspectrophotometry | p. 44 |
Immunological Methods in Toxicology | p. 46 |
3 Toxicology: Drugs and Poisons in the Body | p. 50 |
Measuring Toxicity | p. 52 |
The Most Toxic Substance? | p. 55 |
Other Factors in Toxicity | p. 56 |
Absorbed Poisons | p. 60 |
Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics | p. 62 |
Types of Samples and Analysis | p. 66 |
Areas of Forensic Toxicology | p. 67 |
Sports Toxicology | p. 72 |
Poisons | p. 75 |
4 Forensic Drug Analysis | p. 79 |
What Is a Drug? | p. 79 |
Systems of Drug Classification | p. 80 |
What a Difference a Century Makes | p. 81 |
Classification by Schedule: The Controlled Substances Act and Listed Chemicals | p. 86 |
Drugs as Evidence | p. 88 |
Diluents and Adulterants | p. 89 |
Profiling | p. 90 |
Examples of Illegal Drugs | p. 93 |
5 Conclusions: The Future of Drugs, Poisons, and Chemistry | p. 100 |
Glossary | p. 103 |
Further Reading | p. 109 |
Periodic Table of the Elements | p. 114 |
The Chemical Elements | p. 115 |
Index | p. 116 |