Urban ecology : an international perspective on the interactions between humans and nature

to a Research Project Ernest W. Burgess Abstract The aggregation of urban population has been described by Bücher and Weber. A soc- logical study of the growth of the city, however, is concerned with the de nition and description of processes, as those of (a) expansion, (b) metabolism, and (c) mobility. The typical tendency of urban growth is the expansion radially from its central business district by a series of concentric circles, as (a) the central business district, (b) a zone of deterioration, (c) a zone of workingmen's homes, (d)a residential area, and (e) a commuters' zone. Urban growth may be even more fundamentally stated as the resultant of processes of organization and disorganization, like the anabolic and katabolic processes of metabolism in the human body. The distribution of population into the natural areas of the city, the division of labor, the differentiation into social and cultural groupings, represent the normal manifestations of urban metabolism, as statistics of disease, crime, disorder, vice, insanity, and suicide are rough indexes of its abnormal expression. The state of metabolism of the city may, it is suggested, be measured by mobility, de ned as a change of movement in response to a new stimulus or situation. Areas in the city of the greatest mobility are found to be also regions of juvenile delinquency, boys' gangs, crime, poverty, wife desertion, divorce, abandoned infants, etc.

Peter M. Vitousek and Harold A. Mooney and Jane Lubchenco and Jerry M. MelilloStephen R. PalumbiBrian J.L. BerryNancy E. McIntyre and K. Knowles-Yanez and D. HopeErnest W. BurgessHerbert SukoppS.T.A. Pickett and M.L. Cadenasso and J.M. Grove and C.H. Nilon and R.V. Pouyat and W.C. Zipperer and R. CostanzaNancy B. Grimm and J. Morgan Grove and Steward T.A. Pickett and Charles L. RedmanMarina Alberti and John M. Marzluff and Eric Shulenberger and Gordon Bradley and Clare Ryan and Craig ZumbrunnenGerd WessolekPaul Robbins and Julie T. SharpMichael J. Paul and Judy L. MeyerWilhelm KuttlerMaria Joao Alcoforado and Henrique AndradeMicheile L. Bell and Devra L. Davis and Tony FletcherWilfried Endlicher and Gerd Jendritzky and Joachim Fischer and Jens-Peter RedlichHerbert SukoppMark J. McDonnell and Steward T.A. Pickett and Peter Groffman and Patrick Bohlen and Richard V. Pouyat and Wayne C. Zipperer and Robert W. Parmelee and Margaret M. Carreiro and Kimberly MedleyRichard F. Johnston and Robert K. SelanderIngo KowarikDiane Hope and Corinna Gries and Weixing Zhu and William F. Fagan and Charles L. Redman and Nancy B. Grimm and Amy L. Nelson and Chris Martin and Ann KinzigMaciej LuniakJohn M. MarzluffMichael Abs and Frank BergenAna M. Faggi and Kerstin Krellenberg and Roberto Castro and Mirta Arriaga and Wilfried EndlicherStephan J. Schoech and Reed BowmanRobert B. BlairChristian WolterStanley D. Gehrt and James E. ChelsvigE. Shochat and W.L. Stefanov and M.E.A. Whitehouse and S.H. FaethCarolyn Harrison and Jacquie BurgessJane V. HallPaul Waddell and Terry MooreReid H. EwingWilliam Rees and Mathis WackernagelStephen Kaplan and Rachel KaplanReid Ewing and Tom Schmid and Richard Killingsworth and Amy Zlot and Stephen RaudenbushFrauke KraasBunyan Bryant and John CallewaertThomas Dietz and Elinor Ostrom and Paul C. SternM. AlbertiClare M. Ryan and Sara M. JensenRowan A. RowntreeKevin A. LynchRuediger Wittig and Juergen Breuste and Lothar Finke and Michael Kleyer and Franz Rebele and Konrad Reidl and Wolfgang Schulte and Peter WernerMichael E. SouleCraig L. ShaferJohn M. Marzluff and Kern EwingRandall G. ArendtMakoto Yokohari and Kazuhiko Takeuchi and Takashi Watanabe and Shigehiro Yokota

Section I Urbanization and Human Domination of Earth
Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems	p. 3
Humans as the World's Greatest Evolutionary Force	p. 15
Urbanization	p. 25
Urban Ecology as an Interdisciplinary Field: Differences in the use of "Urban" Between the Social and Natural Sciences	p. 49
Section II Conceptual Foundations of Urban Ecology
The Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project	p. 71
On the Early History of Urban Ecology in Europe	p. 79
Urban Ecological Systems: Linking Terrestrial Ecological, Physical, and Socioeconomic Components of Metropolitan Areas	p. 99
Integrated Approaches to Long-Term Studies of Urban Ecological Systems	p. 123
Integrating Humans into Ecology: Opportunities and Challenges for Studying Urban Ecosystems	p. 143
Section III The Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Pedosphere
Sealing of Soils	p. 161
Producing and Consuming Chemicals: The Moral Economy of the American Lawn	p. 181
Streams in the Urban Landscape	p. 207
The Urban Climate - Basic and Applied Aspects	p. 233
Global Warming and the Urban Heat Island	p. 249
A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution	p. 263
Heat Waves, Urban Climate and Human Health	p. 269
Section IV The Biosphere
The City as a Subject for Ecological Research	p. 281
Ecosystem Processes Along an Urban-to-Rural Gradient	p. 299
House Sparrows: Rapid Evolution of Races in North America	p. 315
On the Role of Alien Species in Urban Flora and Vegetation	p. 321
Socioeconomics Drive Urban Plant Diversity	p. 339
Fauna of the Big City - Estimating Species Richness and Abundance in Warsaw, Poland	p. 349
Island Biogeography for an Urbanizing World: How Extinction and Colonization May Determine Biological Diversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes	p. 355
A Long-Term Survey of the Avifauna in an Urban Park	p. 373
Biodiversity in the Argentinean Rolling Pampa Ecoregion: Changes Caused by Agriculture and Urbanisation	p. 377
Does Differential Access to Protein Influence Differences in Timing of Breeding of Florida Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) in Suburban and Wildland Habitats?	p. 391
Creating a Homogeneous Avifauna	p. 405
Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Urbanization's Impacts on Fish	p. 425
Bat Activity in an Urban Landscape: Patterns at the Landscape and Microhabitat Scale	p. 437
Urbanization and Spider Diversity: Influences of Human Modification of Habitat Structure and Productivity	p. 455
Section V The Anthroposphere: Human Dimensions
Social Science Concepts and Frameworks for Understanding Urban Ecosystems	p. 475
The Iceberg and the Titanic: Human Economic Behavior in Ecological Models	p. 485
Forecasting Demand for Urban Land	p. 493
Characteristics, Causes, and Effects of Sprawl: A Literature Review	p. 519
Urban Ecological Footprints: Why Cities Cannot be Sustainable-and Why They are a Key to Sustainability	p. 537
Health, Supportive Environments, and the Reasonable Person Model	p. 557
Relationship Between Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity	p. 567
Megacities as Global Risk Areas	p. 583
Why Is Understanding Urban Ecosystems Important to People Concerned About Environmental Justice?	p. 597
Section VI The Anthroposphere: Planning and Policy
The Struggle to Govern the Commons	p. 611
Modeling the Urban Ecosystem: A Conceptual Framework	p. 623
Scientific, Institutional, and Individual Constraints on Restoring Puget Sound Rivers	p. 647
Toward Ecosystem Management: Shifts in the Core and the Context of Urban Forest Ecology	p. 661
What Is the Form of a City, and How Is It Made?	p. 677
What Should an Ideal City Look Like from an Ecological View? - Ecological Demands on the Future City	p. 691
Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance: Guidelines for Conserving Wildlife in an Urban Landscape	p. 699
Terrestrial Nature Reserve Design at the Urban/Rural Interface	p. 715
Restoration of Fragmented Landscapes for the Conservation of Birds: A General Framework and Specific Recommendations for Urbanizing Landscapes	p. 739
Steps Involved in Designing Conservation Subdivisions: A Straightforward Approach	p. 757
Beyond Greenbelts and Zoning: A New Planning Concept for the Environment of Asian Mega-Cities	p. 783
Index	p. 797

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