Solid fuel blending : principles, practices, and problems

Create affordable solid fuel blends that will burn efficiently while reducing the carbon footprint. Solid Fuel Blending Handbook: Principles, Practices, and Problems describes a new generation of solid fuel blending processes. The book includes discussions on such topics as flame structure and combustion performance, boiler efficiency, capacity as influenced by flue gas volume and temperature, slagging and fouling, corrosion, and emissions. Attention is given to the major types of combustion systems including stokers, pulverized coal, cyclone, and fluidized bed boilers. Specific topics considered include chlorine in one or more coals, alkali metals (e.g., K, Na) and alkali earth elements, and related topics.

Coals of consideration include Appalachian, Interior Province, and Western bituminous coals; Powder River Basin (PRB) and other subbituminous coals; Fort Union and Gulf Coast lignites, and many of the off-shore coals (e.g., Adaro coal, an Indonesian subbituminous coal with very low sulfur; other off-shore coals from Germany, Poland, Australia, South Africa, Columbia, and more). Interactions between fuels and the potential for blends to be different from the parent coals will be a critical focus of this of the book.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
1 Introduction to Fuel Blending	p. 1
1.1 Overview	p. 1
1.2 Fuel Blending for Solid Fuels	p. 1
1.2.1 Blending System Considerations	p. 1
1.2.2 Where Blending Can Occur	p. 2
1.3 Objectives for Blending	p. 5
1.3.1 Economic Considerations with Fuel Blending	p. 7
1.3.2 Environmental Considerations with Fuel Blending	p. 8
1.3.3 Historical and Technical Considerations for Fuel Blending	p. 11
1.4 Blending for the Steel Industry-The Development of Petrology	p. 13
1.4.1 Basics of Macerals	p. 14
1.4.2 Petrography Applied to the Steel Industry	p. 15
1.4.3 Conclusions on Blending for the Steel Industry	p. 16
1.5 Typical Fuel Blends	p. 16
1.5.1 Coal-Coal Blends	p. 16
1.5.2 Coal-Biomass Blends	p. 18
1.5.3 Coal-Opportunity Fuel Blends	p. 21
1.6 Blends and Firing Systems	p. 22
1.6.1 Types of Firing Systems	p. 23
1.6.2 Types of Boilers	p. 26
1.7 Conclusions	p. 27
References	p. 27
2 Principles of Solid Fuel Blending	p. 31
2.1 Introduction: Blending for Dollars	p. 31
2.2 Designing the Most Favorable Fuel	p. 32
2.3 Influences on the Most Favorable Fuel Blend	p. 34
2.3.1 Firing Method Considerations	p. 34
2.3.2 Market Considerations	p. 36
2.4 Developing a Fuel Blending Strategy	p. 36
2.4.1 Blend Fuel Considerations	p. 37
2.4.2 Combustion Characteristics of Binary and Ternary Blends	p. 37
2.4.3 Reactivity, Ignition, and Flame Characteristics of Fuel Blends	p. 42
2.5 Formation of Pollutants	p. 48
2.6 Fuel Blending Characteristics Influencing Deposition	p. 53
2.7 Fuel Blending and Corrosion	p. 55
2.8 Blending's Impact on the Physical Characteristics of Solid Fuels	p. 59
2.9 Management and Control of Fuel Blending	p. 62
2.10 Conclusions	p. 66
References	p. 66
3 Blending Coal on Coal	p. 71
3.1 Introduction and Basic Principles	p. 71
3.2 Blending of Coal for Combustion and/or Gasification Purposes	p. 75
3.3 Combustion and Gasification Processes	p. 77
3.3.1 Combustion Processes and Fuel Blending	p. 78
3.3.2 Coal Blending and the Combustion Process	p. 80
3.3.3 Gasification Processes	p. 84
3.4 Coals Used in Commercial Applications and Their Blending Potential	p. 84
3.4.1 Characteristics of Various Commercially Significant Coals	p. 84
3.4.2 Relationship of Chemical Composition to Petrography	p. 93
3.4.3 Chemical Composition and Calorific Value	p. 96
3.5 Kinetics and the Analysis of Coal Blend Reactivity	p. 97
3.5.1 Devolatilization Kinetics	p. 97
3.5.2 Reactivity and Ignition Temperature of Coal Blends	p. 102
3.5.3 Char Oxidation Kinetics	p. 102
3.6 The Behavior of Inorganic Constituents	p. 103
3.6.1 Slagging and Blended Coals	p. 104
3.6.2 Fouling and Blended Coals	p. 109
3.6.3 Quantifying the Inorganic Interaction	p. 111
3.7 Managing the Coal-on-Coal Blending Process	p. 113
3.7.1 Where Blending Can Occur	p. 113
3.7.2 Influence of Blending on Materials Handling Issues	p. 115
3.7.3 How Coal Blends Can Be Managed	p. 116
3.7.4 Other Considerations	p. 118
3.8 Conclusions	p. 119
References	p. 120
4 Blending Coal with Biomass: Cofiring Biomass with Coal	p. 125
4.1 Introduction	p. 125
4.2 Biomass and Coal Blending	p. 125
4.2.1 Properties of Biomass and Coal	p. 126
4.3 Cofiring: Reducing a Plant's Carbon Footprint	p. 134
4.3.1 The Carbon Cycle	p. 135
4.3.2 The Role of Biomass for Coal-Fired Plants	p. 135
4.4 Other Reasons for Cofiring	p. 135
4.4.1 SO 2 Management	p. 136
4.4.2 NO x Management	p. 137
4.5 Cofiring in the United States and Europe	p. 137
4.6 Characteristics of Biomass	p. 138
4.6.1 Types of Biomass	p. 138
4.6.2 Standard Characteristics of Biofuels	p. 142
4.6.3 Fuel Porosity and Its Implications	p. 144
4.6.4 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis and Higher Heating Value	p. 145
4.6.5 Ash Elemental Analysis	p. 145
4.6.6 Trace Elements	p. 146
4.7 Reactivity Measures for Biomass	p. 146
4.7.1 Reactivity of Combustibles	p. 146
4.7.2 Structure and Reactivity	p. 148
4.7.3 Drop Tube Kinetics	p. 149
4.8 Ratios from Other Measures	p. 152
4.9 Comparisons of Biomass to Coal	p. 156
4.9.1 Central Appalachian Bituminous Coal	p. 156
4.9.2 Illinois Basin Coal	p. 156
4.9.3 Powder River Basin Coal	p. 156
4.9.4 Lignite	p. 157
4.10 The Chemistry of Cofiring	p. 157
4.10.1 Reactivity and Cofiring	p. 157
4.10.2 Evolution of Specific Elements and Compounds	p. 160
4.11 Burning Profiles of Biomass-Coal Blends	p. 161
4.12 Implications for Biomass-Coal Cofiring Systems	p. 169
4.12.1 Biomass-Coal Blend Issues	p. 171
4.12.2 Biomass-Coal Blend Systems	p. 173
4.12.3 Cofiring Methods and Equipment-Mechanical Systems	p. 176
4.13 Case Studies in Cofiring	p. 178
4.13.1 Cofiring Experiences	p. 178
4.14 Conclusions	p. 195
References	p. 195
5 Waste Fuel-Coal Blending	p. 201
5.1 Introduction	p. 201
5.2 Tire-Derived Fuel	p. 201
5.2.1 Overview	p. 201
5.2.2 Typical Composition	p. 202
5.2.3 Physical Characteristics	p. 204
5.2.4 Types of Tire-Derived Fuel	p. 205
5.2.5 Preparation and Handling Issues	p. 205
5.2.6 Combustion Considerations	p. 210
5.2.7 Case Studies	p. 210
5.2.8 Conclusions Regarding Tire-Derived Fuel as a Blend Fuel	p. 215
5.3 Petroleum Coke	p. 216
5.3.1 Fuel Characteristics of Petroleum Coke	p. 218
5.3.2 Petroleum Coke Issues	p. 219
5.3.3 Petroleum Coke Utilization in Boilers	p. 221
5.3.4 Petroleum Coke Utilization in Other Systems	p. 230
5.4 Waste Plastics and Paper	p. 232
5.4.1 Waste Plastic Composition	p. 233
5.4.2 Waste Plastic and Paper Preparation	p. 235
5.4.3 Waste Plastic Utilization	p. 237
5.5 Hazardous Wastes	p. 238
5.5.1 Fuel Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes	p. 238
5.5.2 Combustion of Hazardous Wastes in Rotary Kilns	p. 239
5.5.3 Waste Oil Utilization	p. 241
5.6 Conclusions	p. 243
References	p. 244
6 Environmental Aspects of Fuel Blending	p. 249
6.1 Introduction	p. 249
6.2 Regulatory Climate as It Influences Blending and Cofiring	p. 249
6.3 Blending for Environmental and Economic Reasons	p. 250
6.4 Areas of Concern	p. 250
6.4.1 Particulates	p. 250
6.4.2 Sulfur Dioxide	p. 251
6.4.3 Nitrogen Oxides	p. 251
6.4.4 Mercury	p. 251
6.4.5 Fossil CO 2	p. 252
6.5 Ash Management for Power Plants	p. 252
6.5.1 Bottom Ash	p. 252
6.5.2 Flyash	p. 252
6.6 Blending for Emission Benefits	p. 253
6.6.1 Blending PRB Coal with Other Solid Fuels	p. 253
6.6.2 Emission Aspects	p. 254
6.6.3 Selected Case Studies	p. 258
6.7 Cofiring Biomass with Coal	p. 260
6.7.1 Emission Aspects	p. 260
6.7.2 Cofiring in Europe	p. 262
6.7.3 Selected Case Studies	p. 262
6.7.4 Cofiring with Waste	p. 264
6.7.5 Emission Aspects	p. 264
6.7.6 Selected Case Studies	p. 266
6.8 Conclusions	p. 267
References	p. 268
7 Modeling and Fuel Blending	p. 271
7.1 Introduction	p. 271
7.2 The Purposes of Modeling	p. 272
7.3 Specific Applications of Modeling	p. 272
7.3.1 Modeling to Reduce the Use of Physical Tests and Costs	p. 273
7.3.2 Methods of Modeling	p. 274
7.4 Principles of Physical Modeling	p. 280
7.4.1 Some Applications of Physical Modeling	p. 282
7.4.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling	p. 283
7.5 The Basic Approach of Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling	p. 284
7.5.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Combustion Processes	p. 285
7.5.2 Products of Combustion Modeling	p. 288
7.5.3 Other Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling	p. 290
7.6 Modeling for Blending Purposes	p. 290
7.6.1 The Traditional Approach to Blending Analysis	p. 290
7.6.2 The Detailed Analytical Approach to Blending	p. 291
7.7 Limitations of Modeling	p. 291
7.8 Conclusions	p. 291
References	p. 292
8 Institutional Issues Associated with Coal Blending	p. 295
8.1 Introduction	p. 295
8.2 Institutional Issues Associated with Fuel Blending	p. 297
8.3 Economic Considerations Associated with Blending	p. 300
8.3.1 Fuels Availability	p. 300
8.3.2 Fuel Procurement	p. 304
8.3.3 Fuel Transportation	p. 305
8.4 Process Modifications	p. 309
8.4.1 Coal Handling and Storage	p. 309
8.4.2 Coal Blending	p. 310
8.4.3 Pulverizer Performance	p. 310
8.4.4 Furnace Effects	p. 311
8.4.5 Convective Pass	p. 312
8.4.6 Emissions	p. 312
8.5 Future U.S. and World Coal Production	p. 313
8.6 Conclusions	p. 320
References	p. 320
Index	p. 323

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