The competitive internet service provider : network architecture, interconnection, traffic engineering and network design

Title:

Personal Author:

Heckmann, Oliver, 1974-

Series:

Wiley series in communications networking & distributed systems

Publication Information:

Chichester : John Wiley & Sons, 2006

ISBN:

9780470012932

Subject Term:

Computer networks -- Design and construction

Internet (Computer network)

Internet service providers

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010113017	TK5105.5 H42 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Due to the dramatic increase in competition over the last few years, it has become more and more important for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to run an efficient business and offer an adequate Quality of Service. The Competitive Internet Service Provider is a comprehensive guide for those seeking to do just that.

Oliver Heckmann approaches the issue from a system point of view, looking not only at running a network, but also at connecting the network with peering and transit partners or planning the expansion of the network.

The Competitive Internet Service Provider:

Offers an advanced reference on the topic, drawing on state-of-the art research in network technology. Clearly defines the criteria enabling ISPs to operate with the greatest efficiency and deliver adequate Quality of Service. Discusses the implications of the future multiservice Internet and multimedia applications such as Voice over IP, peer-to-peer, or network games. Delivers a comparative evaluation of different feasible Quality of Service approaches. Explores scientific methods such as queuing theory, network calculus, and optimization theory. Illustrates concepts throughout with mathematical models and simulations.

This invaluable reference will provide academic and industrial researchers in the field of network and communications technology, graduate students on telecommunications courses, as well as ISP managers, engineers and technicians, equipment manufacturers and consultants, with an understanding of the concepts and issues involved in running a successful ISP.

Author Notes

Oliver Heckmann is a researcher at the Multimedia Communications laboratory at the Darmstadt University of Technology. His area of expertise is ISPs (internet service providers). He has also worked on the M31 European Union Project (www.m3i.org) which was voted one of the most successful research projects in the EU's Fifth Framework programme which dealt with the implementation of a QoS (Quality of Service) system using Intserv and Diffserv. He is currently working as a consultant for the M31 successor MMAPPSW (www.mmapps.org). Olivier is the technical manager of the LETSQoS (www.letsqos.de) research project that is funded by the German research network provider DFN.

Foreword	p. xiii
List of Figures	p. xv
List of Tables	p. xix
List of Abbreviations	p. xxi
Part I Introduction and Basics	p. 1
1 Introduction	p. 3
1.1 Motivation	p. 3
1.2 Efficiency and Quality of Service	p. 4
1.2.1 Network Efficiency	p. 4
1.2.2 Network Quality of Service	p. 5
1.2.3 Trade-off between Efficiency and Quality of Service	p. 5
1.3 Action Space and Approach	p. 6
1.4 Overview	p. 8
2 Internet Service Providers	p. 11
2.1 A Classification Model for ISPs	p. 13
2.1.1 Definition of Internet Service Providers	p. 13
2.1.2 Internet Service Provider Roles	p. 14
2.1.3 Support Provider Roles	p. 20
2.1.4 End-users	p. 23
2.2 Classification of Selected Providers	p. 23
2.3 Summary and Conclusions	p. 27
3 Performance Analysis Basics	p. 29
3.1 Queueing Theory	p. 29
3.1.1 Introduction	p. 29
3.1.2 Kendall's Notation	p. 30
3.1.3 Little's Law	p. 31
3.1.4 M/M/1 Queueing Systems	p. 32
3.1.5 M/M/1/B Queueing Systems	p. 33
3.1.6 M/G/1 Queueing Systems	p. 34
3.1.7 Other Queueing Systems	p. 35
3.1.8 Queueing Networks	p. 36
3.1.9 Conclusions	p. 36
3.2 Network Calculus	p. 36
3.2.1 Basics	p. 37
3.2.2 Example	p. 38
3.2.3 Conclusions	p. 39
3.2.4 Outlook	p. 39
3.3 Optimisation Techniques	p. 40
3.3.1 Introduction	p. 40
3.3.2 Modelling Optimisation Problems	p. 40
3.3.3 Solving Optimisation Problems	p. 42
3.4 Summary and Conclusions	p. 45
4 Internet Protocols	p. 47
4.1 The Internet Protocol Stack	p. 47
4.1.1 IP	p. 48
4.1.2 UDP	p. 50
4.1.3 TCP	p. 51
4.1.4 Lower Layer Protocols	p. 59
4.2 Summary and Conclusions	p. 63
5 Applications	p. 65
5.1 World Wide Web	p. 65
5.1.1 QoS Requirements	p. 66
5.1.2 Traffic Model	p. 66
5.2 Peer-to-Peer Applications	p. 69
5.2.1 QoS Requirements	p. 69
5.2.2 Traffic Model	p. 69
5.2.3 The Future of P2P	p. 70
5.3 Online Games	p. 71
5.3.1 Computer Game Market	p. 71
5.3.2 Classification of Computer Games	p. 71
5.3.3 Online Game Architectures	p. 71
5.3.4 QoS Requirements	p. 73
5.3.5 Traffic Model	p. 73
5.4 Voice over IP	p. 73
5.4.1 QoS Requirements	p. 73
5.4.2 Traffic Model	p. 74
5.5 Traffic Classification	p. 76
5.5.1 Port-based Traffic Classification	p. 76
5.5.2 Advanced Mechanisms	p. 76
5.6 Summary and Conclusions	p. 77
Part II Network Architecture	p. 79
6 Network Architecture Overview	p. 81
6.1 Introduction	p. 81
6.2 Quality of Service Architectures	p. 82
6.2.1 Components of a Quality of Service System	p. 83
6.2.2 The Integrated Services Architecture	p. 86
6.2.3 Stateless Core Architectures	p. 93
6.2.4 The Diffserv Architecture	p. 95
6.2.5 Tuned Best-effort Architectures	p. 103
6.2.6 Other Architectures	p. 109
6.2.7 Classification of Quality of Service Architectures	p. 110
6.3 Data Forwarding Architecture	p. 113
6.3.1 IP Routing	p. 114
6.3.2 Label Switching	p. 116
6.4 Signalling Architecture	p. 118
6.4.1 Routing Protocols	p. 118
6.4.2 Quality of Service Signalling Protocols	p. 119
6.4.3 Label Distribution Protocols	p. 120
6.5 Security Architecture	p. 121
6.6 Admission Control	p. 122
6.6.1 Location	p. 124
6.6.2 Flow and Network Behaviour	p. 127
6.6.3 Guarantees	p. 129
6.6.4 Other Properties	p. 130
6.7 Summary and Conclusions	p. 132
7 Analytical Comparison of Quality of Service Systems	p. 133
7.1 On the Benefit of Admission Control	p. 134
7.1.1 Fixed Load	p. 135
7.1.2 Variable Load	p. 136
7.1.3 Variable Capacity	p. 140
7.1.4 Summary and Conclusions	p. 141
7.2 On the Benefit of Service Differentiation	p. 143
7.2.1 Traffic Types	p. 143
7.2.2 Best-Effort Network Model	p. 144
7.2.3 QoS Network Model	p. 145
7.2.4 Utility Functions	p. 148
7.2.5 Evaluation	p. 150
7.2.6 Summary and Conclusions	p. 156
8 Experimental Comparison of Quality of Service Systems	p. 159
8.1 QoS Systems	p. 162
8.1.1 Intserv/RSVP QoS Systems	p. 162
8.1.2 Standard Diffserv QoS Systems	p. 164
8.1.3 Olympic Diffserv	p. 170
8.1.4 Overprovisioned Best-Effort	p. 170
8.2 Experiment Setup	p. 171
8.2.1 Traffic	p. 171
8.2.2 Topologies	p. 174
8.2.3 Utility	p. 176
8.2.4 Evaluation Metrics	p. 178
8.3 Per-flow versus Per-class Scheduling	p. 179
8.4 Central versus Decentral Admission Control	p. 183
8.5 Direct Comparison	p. 185
8.6 Summary and Conclusions	p. 191
Part III Interconnections	p. 193
9 Interconnections Overview	p. 195
9.1 A Macroscopic View on Interconnections	p. 196
9.1.1 Strictly Hierarchical Structure	p. 196
9.1.2 Fully Meshed Structure	p. 197
9.1.3 Realistic Structures	p. 198
9.2 A Microscopic View on Interconnections	p. 199
9.2.1 Taxonomy and Classification of Interconnections	p. 199
9.2.2 Peering	p. 201
9.2.3 Transit	p. 202
9.2.4 Service Level Agreements	p. 202
9.3 Interconnection Method	p. 203
9.3.1 Internet Exchange Points	p. 203
9.3.2 Evaluation	p. 204
9.4 Interconnection Mix	p. 205
9.4.1 Negotiation Process	p. 205
9.4.2 Determining the Interconnection Mix	p. 206
9.5 Summary and Conclusions	p. 208
10 Optimising the Interconnection Mix	p. 209
10.1 Costs	p. 210
10.1.1 Description	p. 210
10.1.2 Evaluation	p. 214
10.2 Reliability	p. 218
10.2.1 Policies	p. 220
10.2.2 Evaluation	p. 222
10.3 Quality of Service	p. 224
10.3.1 Policies	p. 224
10.3.2 Evaluation	p. 225
10.4 Environment Changes	p. 227
10.4.1 Adjusting the Basic Models	p. 228
10.4.2 Evaluation	p. 228
10.5 Summary and Conclusions	p. 233
Part IV Traffic and Network Engineering	p. 235
11 Traffic and Network Engineering Overview	p. 237
11.1 Network Design and Network Engineering	p. 237
11.1.1 Network Design	p. 238
11.1.2 Network Engineering	p. 239
11.2 Traffic Engineering	p. 240
11.3 Traffic Matrix Estimation	p. 243
11.4 Summary and Conclusions	p. 245
12 Evaluation of Traffic Engineering	p. 247
12.1 Traffic Engineering Performance Metrics	p. 248
12.1.1 Path Length	p. 248
12.1.2 Maximal Bottleneck Utilisation	p. 249
12.1.3 Average Utilisation	p. 249
12.1.4 Average Load	p. 249
12.1.5 Congestion Costs	p. 250
12.2 Traffic Engineering Strategies	p. 251
12.2.1 Traffic Engineering Objectives	p. 251
12.2.2 Shortest Path Routing	p. 252
12.2.3 Equal Cost Multipath	p. 252
12.2.4 Explicit Routing	p. 252
12.2.5 Path Selection	p. 254
12.3 Experiment Setup	p. 255
12.3.1 Traffic Creation	p. 258
12.3.2 Capacity Assignment	p. 258
12.4 Explicit Routing versus Path Selection	p. 259
12.5 Performance Evaluation	p. 260
12.5.1 Basic Experiment	p. 260
12.5.2 Variation of the Congestion Cost Function	p. 264
12.5.3 Influence of the Topologies	p. 265
12.5.4 Variation of the Traffic Distribution	p. 267
12.5.5 Conclusions	p. 269
12.6 Singlepath versus Multipath	p. 269
12.7 Influence of the Set of Paths	p. 270
12.8 Summary and Conclusions	p. 272
13 Network Engineering	p. 273
13.1 Quality of Service Systems and Network Engineering	p. 273
13.2 Capacity Expansion	p. 276
13.2.1 Capacity Expansion Process	p. 276
13.2.2 Capacity Expansion Strategies	p. 277
13.2.3 Performance Evaluation	p. 283
13.2.4 Recommendations	p. 288
13.3 On the Influence of Elastic Traffic	p. 290
13.3.1 Elasticity of Traffic Matrices	p. 290
13.3.2 Impact on Capacity Expansion	p. 293
13.4 Summary and Conclusions	p. 294
Part V Appendices	p. 295
A Topologies Used in the Experiments	p. 297
B Experimental Comparison of Quality of service Systems	p. 303
C Analytical Comparison of Interconnection Methods	p. 329
C.1 Internet Exchange Point Cost Models	p. 329
C.1.1 Exchange Router	p. 329
C.1.2 Exchange LAN	p. 330
C.1.3 Exchange MAN	p. 332
C.2 Cost Efficiency of an Internet Exchange Point	p. 332
C.3 LAN versus MAN IXP Structure	p. 336
D Elasticity of Traffic Matrices - Network Models	p. 339
D.1 Basic Model	p. 339
D.2 Discrete Service Times	p. 341
D.3 Self-similar Traffic	p. 343
D.4 Related Work	p. 343
Bibliography	p. 345
Index	p. 365

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