Steel-reinforced concrete structures : assessment and repair of corrosion

Title:

Personal Author:

El-Reedy, Mohamed

Publication Information:

Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2008

Physical Description:

xv, 200 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9781420054309

Subject Term:

Steel, Structural -- Corrosion

Reinforced concrete -- Corrosion

Reinforced concrete construction

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
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Carrying a billion-dollar price tag, corrosion of reinforced concrete is the enemy of every country's investment in real estate. The widespread and long-term use of reinforced concrete makes its correct and proper examination, maintenance, and repair paramount. Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures: Assessment and Repair of Corrosion explains the corrosion of reinforced concrete from a practical point of view, highlighting protective design and repair procedures.

The book begins with a discussion of the corrosion phenomena, the effect of concrete properties on corrosion, and the precautions available in the construction stage to mitigate corrosion. It covers the theoretical and practical methods in evaluating the concrete structures and new, practical methods to protect steel reinforcement. The book also includes methods established in the last decade that provide new ways of protecting steel-reinforced bars and the traditional and advanced repairing methods. The author explains the importance of implementing an integrity management system to provide a comprehensive maintenance strategy and concludes with coverage of the traditional, time-tested, and advanced repair techniques. A special feature is a chapter focusing on the advance maintenance plan philosophy and risk-based maintenance for reinforced concrete structures.

The author examines economic analysis procedures and the probability of structural failures to define structure risk assessment. He covers precautions and recommendations for protecting the reinforced concrete structures from corrosion based on codes and specifications. He uses case histories from all over the world to demonstrate the widespread application and range of advanced repair techniques and presents a practical guide to the maintenance of concrete structures. The book provides procedures for corrosion diagnosis and determining the appropriate methods for repair, as we

Author Notes

El-Reedy, Mohamed

Preface	p. xiii
The Author	p. xv
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
Reference	p. 3
Chapter 2 Corrosion of Steel in Concrete	p. 5
2.1 Introduction	p. 5
2.2 The Corrosion Process	p. 7
2.3 Black Corrosion	p. 9
2.4 Pit Formation	p. 9
2.5 Bacterial Corrosion	p. 10
2.6 Corrosion Rate	p. 10
2.7 Summary	p. 13
References	p. 13
Chapter 3 Causes of Corrosion and Concrete Deterioration	p. 15
3.1 Introduction	p. 15
3.2 Carbonation	p. 16
3.3 Spread of Carbonation inside Concrete	p. 19
3.3.1 Parrott's Determination of Carbonation Rates from Permeability	p. 21
3.4 Chloride Attack	p. 21
3.5 Chloride Movement inside Concrete	p. 22
3.6 Corrosion Rates	p. 23
3.6.1 Statistical Analysis for Initiation of Corrosion and Corrosion Rate	p. 23
3.7 Effect of Age on Concrete Strength	p. 24
3.7.1 Statistical Analysis of Longtime Concrete Strength	p. 26
3.7.2 Code Recommendations	p. 26
3.7.3 Available Statistical Parameters for Concrete Strength Considering Age	p. 27
3.8 Corrosion's Effect on Spalling of Concrete Cover	p. 27
References	p. 32
Chapter 4 Assessment Methods for Reinforced Concrete Structures	p. 33
4.1 Introduction	p. 33
4.2 Preliminary Inspection	p. 34
4.3 Detailed Inspection	p. 34
4.4 Methods of Structure Assessment	p. 35
4.4.1 Visual Inspection	p. 36
4.4.1.1 Plastic Shrinkage	p. 36
4.4.1.2 Settlement	p. 37
4.4.1.3 Shrinkage from Drying	p. 37
4.4.1.4 Thermal Stresses	p. 38
4.4.1.5 Chemical Reaction	p. 39
4.4.2 Concrete Test Data	p. 44
4.4.2.1 Core Test	p. 44
4.4.2.2 Rebound Hammer	p. 48
4.4.2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity	p. 51
4.4.2.4 Load Test for Concrete Members	p. 56
4.4.2.5 Comparison between Different Tests	p. 59
4.4.3 Sources of Concrete Failure	p. 60
4.4.4 Example for Structure Evaluation	p. 61
4.4.5 Example for Structure Assessment	p. 63
4.5 Test Methods for Corroded Steel in Concrete	p. 65
4.5.1 Manual Method	p. 65
4.5.2 Concrete Cover Measurements	p. 67
4.5.3 Half-Cell Potential Measurements	p. 69
4.5.4 Electrical Resistivity Measurement	p. 71
4.5.5 Measurement of Carbonation Depth	p. 74
4.5.6 Chloride Tests	p. 74
4.6 Building Assessment	p. 75
References	p. 76
Chapter 5 Codes and Specification Guides	p. 79
5.1 Introduction	p. 79
5.2 Allowable Chloride Content in Concrete	p. 80
5.3 Concrete Cover Specifications	p. 81
5.3.1 British Standards	p. 82
5.3.2 American Codes	p. 82
5.3.3 European Code	p. 83
5.3.4 Specifications for Structures Exposed to Very Severe Conditions	p. 85
5.3.5 Egyptian Code	p. 85
5.3.6 Executing Concrete Cover	p. 87
5.4 Maximum Crack Width	p. 91
5.4.1 Recommended Reinforcement Details of Crack Control	p. 92
5.5 Design Precautions in Cases of Carbonation	p. 93
5.6 Design Precautions for Chloride Effects	p. 95
5.6.1 Effect of the Diffusion Factor on Chloride Permeability	p. 97
5.6.2 Effect of Chloride Concentration on Surface	p. 98
5.6.3 Effective Chloride Concentration	p. 99
5.6.4 Calculating Structure Lifetime	p. 99
5.6.5 General Design Considerations	p. 101
References	p. 102
Chapter 6 Controlling Corrosion in Steel Bars	p. 105
6.1 Introduction	p. 105
6.2 Carbonation Process Control	p. 106
6.2.1 Effect of Environmental Conditions	p. 106
6.2.2 Components of Concrete Mix	p. 109
6.2.3 Curing	p. 110
6.3 Chloride Control	p. 112
6.3.1 Weather Factors Affecting Corrosion	p. 112
6.3.2 Composition of Concrete Mix	p. 113
6.3.3 Curing for Chloride Attack	p. 114
6.3.4 Execution of Curing	p. 116
6.3.4.1 The Curing Process in ACI	p. 119
6.3.4.2 British Standard for Curing	p. 120
6.4 Protecting Special Structures	p. 121
References	p. 122
Chapter 7 Methods for Protecting Steel Reinforcements	p. 123
7.1 Introduction	p. 123
7.2 Corrosion Inhibitors	p. 124
7.2.1 Anodic Inhibitors	p. 124
7.2.2 Cathodic Inhibitors	p. 125
7.3 Epoxy Coating of Steel Reinforcement	p. 126
7.4 Galvanized Steel Bars	p. 127
7.5 Stainless Steel	p. 129
7.6 Fiber Reinforcement Bars	p. 130
7.7 Protecting the Concrete Surface	p. 131
7.7.1 Sealers and Membranes	p. 132
7.7.1.1 Coating and Sealing	p. 132
7.7.1.2 Pore Lining	p. 133
7.7.1.3 Pore Blocking	p. 133
7.7.2 Cathodic Protection by Surface Painting	p. 134
7.8 Cathodic Protection System	p. 135
7.8.1 Cathodic Protection	p. 135
7.8.2 Cathodic Protection Components and Design Consideration	p. 137
7.8.2.1 Source of Impressed Current	p. 138
7.8.2.2 Anode System	p. 138
7.8.2.3 Conductive Layer	p. 140
7.8.2.4 Precautions in Designing the Anode	p. 140
7.8.2.5 Follow-Up Precaution	p. 142
7.8.3 Comparison between Cathodic Protection and Other Types of Protection	p. 142
7.8.4 Cathodic Protection for Prestressed Concrete	p. 143
7.8.5 Bond Strength in Cathodic Protection	p. 144
7.9 Concrete with Silica Fume	p. 146
References	p. 146
Chapter 8 Repair of Reinforced Concrete Structures	p. 149
8.1 Introduction	p. 149
8.2 Main Steps to Executing Repair	p. 150
8.2.1 Structure Strengthening	p. 150
8.2.2 Removing Concrete Cracks	p. 151
8.2.2.1 Manual Method	p. 152
8.2.2.2 Pneumatic Hammer Methods	p. 152
8.2.3 Water Jet	p. 153
8.2.4 Grinding Machine	p. 155
8.3 Clean Concrete Surfaces and Steel Reinforcements	p. 155
8.3.1 Concrete	p. 155
8.3.2 Clean Steel Reinforcement Bars	p. 156
8.4 New Patch Concrete	p. 160
8.4.1 Polymer Mortar	p. 160
8.4.2 Cement Mortar	p. 161
8.5 Execution Methods	p. 161
8.5.1 Manual Method	p. 161
8.5.2 Grouted Preplaced Aggregate	p. 162
8.5.3 Shotcrete	p. 163
8.6 Repair Steps	p. 165
8.7 New Methods for Strengthening Concrete Structures	p. 165
8.8 Using Steel Sections	p. 166
8.9 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)	p. 169
8.9.1 CFRP	p. 170
8.9.2 Application On-site	p. 171
8.10 General Precautions	p. 172
References	p. 173
Chapter 9 Risk-Based Maintenance Strategy	p. 175
9.1 Introduction	p. 175
9.2 Basic Rules of Cost Calculation	p. 176
9.2.1 Present Value Method	p. 176
9.2.2 Repair Time	p. 176
9.2.3 Capacity Loss in Reinforced Concrete Sections	p. 178
9.3 Example	p. 180
9.3.1 Required Time to Start of Corrosion	p. 181
9.3.2 Time Required to Start of Deterioration	p. 182
9.3.3 Cost Analysis for Different Protection Methods	p. 183
9.4 Repair and Inspection Strategy and Optimization	p. 185
9.4.1 Repair	p. 186
9.4.2 Expected Total Cost	p. 186
9.4.3 Optimization Strategy	p. 187
9.5 Maintenance Plan	p. 190
9.5.1 Assessment Process	p. 190
9.5.2 Risk-Based Inspection Maintenance Plan	p. 193
References	p. 195
Index	p. 197

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Table of Contents