Wireless network performance handbook

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As wireless networks take ever-bigger bites out of the USD 350 billion dollar telephone market, they create their own performance problems. International customers require global networks; more customers mean bigger networks; new services create more complicated networks. Then there's changing out the network; each time a provider introduces a new technology or capability, it has to do so without interrupting service delivery to existing customers. Here is realistic advice on metrics, troubleshooting methods, design guidelines, revenue assurance and more, from a team that has performed the same services for AT&T Wireless, Nextel and Verizon.

Preface	p. xv
Chapter 1. Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Communication History	p. 2
1.2 Cellular	p. 3
1.3 PCS	p. 6
1.4 WLL	p. 8
1.5 LMDS	p. 8
1.6 MMDS, MDS, ITFS	p. 13
1.7 Cable Systems	p. 14
1.8 WAP	p. 14
1.9 Bluetooth	p. 17
1.10 Wireless LAN (802.11)	p. 18
1.11 VolP	p. 20
1.12 Typical Central Office	p. 21
Chapter 2. Radio Engineering Topics	p. 25
2.1 Electromagnetic Waves	p. 25
2.2 Radio Systems	p. 26
2.3 Transmitters	p. 26
2.4 Transmitter System Building Blocks	p. 27
2.5 Information Bandwidth	p. 29
2.6 Modulation	p. 29
2.7 Antennas	p. 32
2.8 Filters	p. 34
2.9 Receivers	p. 39
2.10 Radio Performance Criteria	p. 41
2.10.1 Sensitivity	p. 41
2.10.2 Selectivity	p. 41
2.10.3 Dynamic Range	p. 41
2.10.4 Noise	p. 43
2.10.5 1-dB Compression	p. 45
2.10.6 Third-Order Intercept	p. 45
2.10.7 Desense	p. 46
2.11 Propagation Model	p. 48
2.11.1 Free Space	p. 48
2.11.2 Hata	p. 49
2.11.3 Cost231 Walfish/Ikegaml	p. 50
2.11.4 Environmental Attenuation	p. 55
2.12 Diffraction	p. 55
2.13 Effective Radiated Power (ERP)	p. 56
2.14 Link Budget	p. 59
2.15 Path Clearance	p. 60
2.16 Tower-Top Amplifiers	p. 63
2.17 Intelligent Antennas	p. 64
Chapter 3. Wireless Mobile Radio Technologies	p. 67
3.1 AMPS	p. 69
3.1.1 AMPS Cell Site Configuration	p. 70
3.1.2 AMPS Call Setup Scenarlos	p. 71
3.1.3 Handoff	p. 71
3.1.4 AMPS Spectrum Allocation	p. 72
3.1.5 AMPS Frequency Reuse	p. 74
3.1.6 AMPS Channel Band Plan	p. 77
3.2 2G Digital Wireless Systems	p. 80
3.3 IS-136 and TDMA (D-AMPS)	p. 84
3.3.1 Voice Channel Structure	p. 86
3.3.2 Offset between Transmit and Receive	p. 88
3.3.3 Speech Coding	p. 89
3.3.4 Time Alignment	p. 90
3.3.5 Control Channel	p. 91
3.3.6 MAHO	p. 100
3.3.7 Frequency Reuse	p. 100
3.4 CDMA	p. 101
3.4.1 IS-95 System Description	p. 103
3.4.2 CDMA2000	p. 104
3.4.3 CDMA Radio Network	p. 105
3.4.4 PDSN	p. 107
3.4.5 CDMA Channel Allocation	p. 110
3.4.6 Forward Channel	p. 111
3.4.7 Reverse Channel	p. 116
3.4.8 SR and RC	p. 119
3.4.9 Power Control	p. 121
3.4.10 Waish Codes	p. 122
3.4.11 Call and Data Processing	p. 123
3.4.12 CDMA Handoffs	p. 132
3.4.13 Pilot Channel PN Assignment	p. 137
3.5 GSM	p. 140
3.5.1 GSM Air Interface	p. 146
3.5.2 Types of Air Interface Channels	p. 147
3.5.3 Air Interface Channel Structure	p. 148
3.5.4 Location Update	p. 150
3.5.5 Mobile-Originated Voice Call	p. 153
3.5.6 Mobile-Terminated Voice Call	p. 155
3.5.7 Handoff	p. 157
3.5.8 Traffic Calculation Methods	p. 160
3.6 GPRS	p. 161
3.6.1 GPRS Services	p. 161
3.6.2 GPRS User Devices	p. 163
3.6.3 GPRS Air Interface	p. 164
3.6.4 GPRS Control Channels	p. 164
3.6.5 Packet Data Traffic Channels	p. 165
3.6.6 GPRS Network Architecture	p. 166
3.6.7 GPRS Network Nodes	p. 166
3.6.8 GPRS Traffic Scenarios	p. 169
3.6.9 GPRS Attach	p. 170
3.6.10 Combined GPRS and GSM Attach	p. 173
3.6.11 Establishing a PDP Context	p. 173
3.6.12 Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update	p. 177
3.6.13 Traffic Calculation and Network Dimensioning for GPRS	p. 180
3.6.14 Air Interface Dimensioning	p. 180
3.6.15 GPRS Network Node Dimensioning	p. 181
3.7 IDEN	p. 181
3.8 CDPD	p. 190
Chapter 4. RF Design Guidelines	p. 195
4.1 RF Design Process	p. 197
4.2 Cell Site Design	p. 201
4.3 Search Area Request (SAR)	p. 201
4.4 Site Qualification Test (SQT)	p. 205
4.5 Site Acceptance (SA)	p. 208
4.6 Site Rejection (SR)	p. 209
4.7 FAA Guidelines	p. 211
4.8 EMF Compliance	p. 212
4.9 Planning and Zoning Board	p. 216
4.10 Design Guidelines	p. 217
4.10.1 Performance Criteria	p. 217
4.10.2 AMPS	p. 218
4.10.3 IS-136	p. 219
4.10.4 IS-95/CDMA2000 (1XRTT)	p. 219
4.10.5 IDEN	p. 219
4.10.6 GSM/GPRS	p. 221
4.11 Link Budgets	p. 221
4.12 Frequency Planning	p. 224
4.12.1 Frequency Plan and Alteration Test Plans	p. 230
4.12.2 System Radio Channel Expansion	p. 233
4.13 Antenna Systems	p. 235
4.13.1 Base Station Antennas	p. 235
4.13.2 Diversity	p. 236
4.13.3 Installation Issues	p. 237
4.13.4 Wall Mounting	p. 241
4.13.5 Antenna Installation Tolerances	p. 241
4.13.6 Cross-Pole Antennas	p. 242
4.13.7 Antenna Change or Alteration	p. 245
4.14 Site Types	p. 246
4.15 Reradiators	p. 246
4.16 Inbuliding and Tunnel Systems	p. 247
4.16.1 Antenna System	p. 250
4.16.2 Inbuilding Application	p. 251
4.16.3 Tunnel Applications	p. 251
4.16.4 Planning	p. 253
4.17 Isolation	p. 254
4.17.1 Isolation Requirements	p. 256
4.17.2 Calculating Needed Isolation	p. 257
4.17.3 Isolation Requirements	p. 259
4.17.4 Free Space	p. 259
4.17.5 Antenna Patterns	p. 260
4.17.6 Vertical Separation	p. 260
4.17.7 Horizontal Separation	p. 261
4.17.8 Slant Separation	p. 264
4.18 Base Station Site Checklist	p. 265
Chapter 5. RF System Performance and Troubleshooting	p. 269
5.1 Key Factors	p. 271
5.2 Performance Analysis Methodology	p. 274
5.3 Lost Calls	p. 281
5.4 Access Failures	p. 292
5.5 Radio Blocking (Congestion)	p. 298
5.6 Technology-Specific Troubleshooting Guides	p. 304
5.7 IS-136	p. 304
5.7.1 Lost Calls	p. 305
5.7.2 Handoff Failures	p. 307
5.7.3 All Servers Busy (ASB)	p. 308
5.7.4 Insufficient Signal Strength (IS)	p. 309
5.7.5 Static	p. 309
5.8 iDEN	p. 310
5.8.1 Lost Calls	p. 311
5.8.2 Access Problems	p. 312
5.9 CDMA	p. 315
5.9.1 Lost Calls	p. 316
5.9.2 Handoff Failures (Problems)	p. 319
5.9.3 All Servers Busy	p. 321
5.9.4 Access Problems	p. 323
5.9.5 Packet Session Access	p. 324
5.9.6 Packet Session Throughput Problems	p. 326
5.10 GSM	p. 329
5.10.1 Lost Calls	p. 329
5.10.2 Handoff Failures	p. 336
5.10.3 All Servers Busy	p. 338
5.10.4 Insufficient Signal Strength	p. 339
5.10.5 Packet Session Access	p. 340
5.10.6 Packet Session Throughput	p. 343
5.11 Retunes	p. 346
5.12 Drive Testing	p. 358
5.13 Site Activation	p. 364
5.14 Site Investigations	p. 374
5.14.1 New Sites	p. 374
5.14.2 Existing Cell Sites	p. 379
5.15 Orientation	p. 382
5.16 Downtilting	p. 383
5.17 Intermodulation	p. 385
5.18 System Performance Action Plan	p. 388
5.18.1 TIC Lists	p. 388
5.18.2 Weekly Reports	p. 389
5.18.3 Monthly Plan Format	p. 389
Chapter 6. Circuit Switch Performance Guidelines	p. 393
6.1 Network Performance Measurement and Optimization	p. 393
6.1.1 Switch CPU Loading	p. 393
6.1.2 Switch Call-Processing Efficiency	p. 398
6.1.3 Switch/Node Downtime (Service Outage)	p. 399
6.1.4 Switch Service Circuit Loading	p. 400
6.1.5 Switch/Node Total Erlangs and Calls Volume	p. 400
6.1.6 Switch/Node Alarms	p. 401
6.1.7 Switch Memory Settings and Utilization	p. 401
6.1.8 Switch Timing Source Accuracy	p. 401
6.1.9 Auxiliary Node Performances	p. 402
6.1.10 Node Performance Summary	p. 402
6.2 Network Link Performance Measurement and Optimization	p. 403
6.2.1 Network Link Performance	p. 403
6.2.2 Link Traffic Loading	p. 403
6.2.3 Link Retransmissions	p. 404
6.2.4 Link Errors	p. 404
6.2.5 Link Changeovers	p. 405
6.2.6 Link Active Time	p. 405
6.2.7 Link Performance Summary	p. 405
6.3 Network Routing Performance Monitoring and Management	p. 406
6.3.1 Routing Efficiency (Voice and Data)	p. 406
6.3.2 Network Routing Performance Summary	p. 409
6.4 Network Software Performance	p. 410
6.5 Network Performance (General Data)	p. 410
6.6 Network Call Delivery Troubleshooting	p. 411
6.6.1 Network Call Delivery Troubleshooting Procedures (Initial Steps)	p. 411
6.6.2 Troubleshooting Procedures (First Level)	p. 413
6.6.3 Troubleshooting Procedures (Second Level)	p. 413
6.6.4 Troubleshooting Call Testing Procedures	p. 415
6.6.5 Network Call Delivery Troubleshooting Summary	p. 418
6.7 Network Call Delivery Troubleshooting Examples	p. 419
Chapter 7. Billing and Charging in a Wireless Network	p. 423
7.1 Basic Billing Process	p. 423
7.1.1 Billing Process Description	p. 423
7.1.2 Billing Cycles and Billing Data Filtering	p. 424
7.1.3 Call Detail Record Description	p. 427
7.1.4 Call Detail Record Generation and Collection	p. 428
7.1.5 Call Detail Record Back-Office Processing	p. 429
7.2 Call Test Plan for Billing Verification	p. 431
7.3 Billing Verification Methods	p. 432
7.4 Nonbillable Billing Events	p. 433
Chapter 8. Revenue Assurance in a Wireless Network	p. 435
8.1 Revenue Assurance Basics	p. 435
8.2 Analysis and Reconciliation of Customer Databases within a Wireless System	p. 436
8.2.1 Wireless Network Customer Database Types and Description	p. 436
8.2.2 Customer Database Provisioning	p. 437
8.2.3 Determining the Total Number of Subscribers in a System Customer Database	p. 438
8.2.4 Postpaid and Prepaid Service Issues	p. 440
8.3 Revenue Assurance Billing Verification	p. 440
8.3.1 CDR Volume Benchmarks	p. 440
8.3.2 Verification of Bill Contents	p. 442
8.4 Comparison, Analysis, and Verification of System Usage and Performance Data	p. 443
8.4.1 CDR and Switch Statistical Call Data Comparison	p. 443
8.4.2 System Usage Data Applications	p. 444
8.5 Summary	p. 447
Chapter 9. System Documentation and Reports	p. 449
9.1 Reports	p. 451
9.2 Objectives	p. 452
9.3 Bouncing Congestion Hour Traffic Report (Node and Service)	p. 454
9.4 RF Network Performance Report	p. 457
9.5 Packet Switch Performance Report	p. 460
9.6 Circuit Switch/Node Performance Report	p. 462
9.7 Telephone Number Inventory Report	p. 464
9.8 IP Number Inventory Report	p. 465
9.9 Facility Usage Report	p. 465
9.10 Facilities Interconnect Report (Data)	p. 467
9.11 System Circuit Switch Traffic Forecast Report	p. 469
9.12 Network Configuration Report	p. 470
9.13 System Growth Status Report	p. 471
9.14 Exception Report	p. 471
9.14.1 Weekly and Regional Exception Report	p. 475
9.15 Customer Care Report	p. 476
9.16 System Status Bulletin Board	p. 476
9.17 Project Status Report (Current and Pending)	p. 479
9.18 System Software Report	p. 480
9.19 Upper Management Report	p. 480
9.20 Company Meetings	p. 481
9.21 Network Briefings	p. 485
9.22 Reporting Frequency	p. 485
Chapter 10. Network and RF Planning	p. 487
10.1 Planning Process Flow	p. 487
10.2 Methodology	p. 489
10.3 Traffic Tables	p. 492
10.4 System Expansion	p. 494
10.4.1 New Wireless System Procedure	p. 495
10.4.2 2.5G or 3G Migration Design Procedure	p. 496
10.5 Traffic Projections	p. 497
10.6 Radio Voice Traffic Projections	p. 498
10.6.1 IS-136	p. 500
10.6.2 CDMA	p. 501
10.6.3 GSM/GPRS	p. 505
10.7 Radio Data Traffic Projection	p. 511
10.8 RF System Growth	p. 515
10.8.1 Coverage Requirements	p. 517
10.8.2 Capacity Cell Sites Required	p. 518
10.8.3 RF Traffic Off-Loading	p. 521
10.9 Fixed Network	p. 522
10.10 Circuit Switch Growth	p. 524
10.10.1 Switch Processor Capacity Study	p. 524
10.10.2 Switch Port Capacity Study	p. 526
10.10.3 Switch Subscriber Capacity Study	p. 528
10.11 Network Interconnect Growth Study (Voice)	p. 531
10.12 Network Interconnect Growth Study (Data)	p. 532
10.13 PDSN	p. 534
10.14 IP Addressing	p. 536
10.15 Head Count Requirements	p. 539
10.16 Budgeting	p. 539
10.17 Final Report	p. 541
10.18 Presentation	p. 542
Chapter 11. Organization and Training	p. 543
11.1 Technical Organization's Structure	p. 543
11.2 Technical Organization's Departments	p. 544
11.3 Engineering Organization	p. 545
11.4 Operations	p. 548
11.5 Real Estate and Implementation	p. 548
11.6 New Technology and Budget Directorates	p. 552
11.7 Head Count Drivers	p. 552
11.8 Hiring	p. 553
11.9 Smart Outsourcing	p. 555
11.10 Training	p. 556
Appendix A Erlang B Grade of Service	p. 561
Appendix B Erlang C Grade of Service	p. 565
Appendix C PCS 1900 GSM Channel Chart	p. 567
Bibliography	p. 569
Index	p. 573

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