Human error : causes and control

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010144409	BF623.E7 P48 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010219697	BF623.E7 P48 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ KL	30000010219696	BF623.E7 P48 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Human error is regularly viewed as an inevitable part of everyday life. In many cases the results of human error are harmless and correctable, but in cases where injury and death can occur, reduction of error is imperative. An integration of useful how-to-do-it information, Human Error: Causes and Control covers theories, methods, and specific techniques for controlling human error. It provides ideas, concepts, and examples from which selections can be made to fit the needs of a particular situation. Detailed, practical, and broad in scope, the book explores the field of human error, including its identification, its probable cause, and how it can be reasonably controlled or prevented.

Experts in human factors, design engineering, and law, the authors explore and apply known generic principles effective in the prevention of consumer error, worker fault, managerial mistakes, and organizational blunders. They discuss errors and their effects in our increasingly complex technological society and delineate how to devise a proper framework, select workable concepts and techniques, and then implement them. Exploring widespread applications of the techniques, the book illustrates how to achieve a fully integrated, process-compatible, comprehensive, user-effective, and methodologically sound model.

Author Notes

Peters, George A.; Peters, Barbara J.

Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
Scenarios	p. 2
Caveats	p. 8
Importance	p. 8
Common sense	p. 8
Sloganeering	p. 8
Bias	p. 8
Error proofing	p. 9
Need	p. 9
Chapter 2 Data collection	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Evidence-based data	p. 11
Sources of data	p. 12
Clarification and purification	p. 13
Cautions	p. 17
Caveats	p. 18
Foundation	p. 18
Enrichment	p. 18
No data	p. 18
Accommodation	p. 19
Chapter 3 Risk assessment	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Definitions	p. 21
Classification models	p. 23
Frequency estimates	p. 23
Severity estimates	p. 24
Analogies and reciprocity	p. 24
Risk	p. 26
Worker (OHS) risk assessment	p. 28
Assessment of control measures	p. 29
Whistle-blowing	p. 30
Managerial actions	p. 30
Political risk assessment	p. 31
Postmarket considerations	p. 31
Caveats	p. 32
Conflicts	p. 32
Objectivity	p. 33
Secrecy	p. 33
Documentation	p. 33
No analysis possible	p. 33
Chapter 4 Alternative analytic methods	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
No data methods	p. 35
Default decisions	p. 35
The precautionary principle	p. 36
Expert elicitation	p. 36
Local consensus	p. 37
Error troubleshooting	p. 37
Search teams	p. 38
Systems integration analysis	p. 39
Successive evaluations	p. 40
Targeted errors	p. 40
Immediate problem resolution	p. 41
Uncertainty analysis	p. 43
Exclusions	p. 44
Caveats	p. 44
Just ask	p. 44
Subjective risk	p. 45
Spin	p. 45
Legal risk	p. 45
Allocating resources	p. 45
Chapter 5 Behavioral vectors	p. 47
Introduction	p. 47
General approach	p. 48
Basic human characteristics	p. 48
Learning ability	p. 49
Communication skills	p. 49
Information processing	p. 49
Physical attributes	p. 49
Reaction	p. 49
Language skills	p. 50
Illustrative personality traits	p. 50
Antisocial personality	p. 50
Histrionic personality	p. 50
Avoidant personality	p. 50
Passive-aggressive personality	p. 50
Dependent personality	p. 51
Obsessive-compulsive personality	p. 51
Narcissistic personality	p. 51
Symptom cross-reference	p. 51
Normalcy and impairment	p. 53
A psychometric perspective	p. 53
A human error perspective	p. 53
Neuropsychological test evaluation	p. 55
Abstract reasoning	p. 56
Memory	p. 56
Cognitive processing	p. 57
Substance abuse	p. 57
Intelligence	p. 57
Aphasia	p. 58
Malingering	p. 58
Cautions	p. 58
Caveats	p. 58
Chapter 6 Countermeasures (remedies)	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
General principles	p. 61
Specific countermeasures	p. 62
Single-error tolerance	p. 62
The rule of two	p. 63
Interposition	p. 64
Sequestration	p. 64
Interlocks and lockouts	p. 64
Channelization	p. 65
Guides and stops	p. 65
Automation	p. 66
Instructions	p. 66
Training	p. 67
Behavior modification	p. 68
Safety factors	p. 68
Warnings	p. 69
Protective equipment	p. 70
Redundancy	p. 70
Derating	p. 71
Fail-safe	p. 71
Stress reduction	p. 71
Tools	p. 72
Replacement	p. 73
Enhancement	p. 73
Inactivity	p. 73
Independent confirmation	p. 74
Therapy	p. 74
Improvisation	p. 74
Pragmatism	p. 76
Caveats	p. 76
Targeting	p. 76
Acceptability	p. 76
Multiple remedies	p. 77
Success metric	p. 77
Fade-out	p. 77
Perversity	p. 77
Customization	p. 77
Classification of human error	p. 78
Chapter 7 Human factors design guidelines	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
Methodology	p. 80
Scientific research	p. 80
Empirical research	p. 81
Descriptive measurements	p. 82
Task analysis	p. 82
Simulation	p. 83
Focus groups	p. 83
Design reviews	p. 84
Field studies	p. 84
Meta-analysis	p. 85
Stabilization research	p. 85
Illustrative guidelines	p. 86
Clutter	p. 86
Visual references	p. 86
Fatigue	p. 87
Accidental activation	p. 87
Control motion compatibility	p. 87
Operator incapacity	p. 88
Abuse	p. 88
Coding	p. 88
Pictorials	p. 89
Grouping	p. 89
Accessibility	p. 89
False cues	p. 89
Abstract theory	p. 89
Ignoring documents	p. 90
Information	p. 90
Cold weather	p. 90
Audible alarms	p. 91
Intelligibility	p. 91
Installation	p. 91
Arming	p. 91
Balance	p. 92
Overload	p. 92
Controllability	p. 92
Unusual conditions	p. 93
Prompts	p. 93
Self-governance	p. 94
Similarities	p. 94
Overlap	p. 94
Scope of work	p. 94
Moral obligations	p. 95
Language interpretations	p. 95
Negotiating change	p. 96
Caveats	p. 96
Constant change	p. 96
Symbiosis	p. 96
Noise control	p. 96
Dynamic systems	p. 97
Multiple causation	p. 97
Uncertainty	p. 97
Process shifts	p. 97
Field reports	p. 97
Bias recognition	p. 97
Chapter 8 Testing and functional validation	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
General principles	p. 100
Direct observations	p. 100
Firsthand investigation	p. 100
General solutions	p. 100
Definitions	p. 100
Illustrative tests	p. 101
Proof-of-concept tests	p. 101
Component and assembly testing	p. 102
Parameter analysis	p. 102
Systems testing	p. 102
Special testing	p. 104
Intentional exposure to harm	p. 104
Compliance testing	p. 105
Installation testing	p. 105
Field audit and validation testing	p. 106
Modification testing	p. 106
Special needs testing	p. 107
Cautions	p. 108
Caveats	p. 108
Minimum cost	p. 108
The difference	p. 108
Life cycle	p. 108
Overlap	p. 109
Neglect	p. 109
Chapter 9 Managerial errors	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Error vector analysis	p. 111
Intrinsic factors	p. 111
Impressed factors	p. 111
Extrinsic factors	p. 112
Compensatory factors	p. 112
Error analysis	p. 112
Error-prone managers	p. 112
Analytic techniques	p. 113
Psychological risk assessment	p. 113
Conduct clusters	p. 114
Focus (inattentiveness)	p. 115
Sex (addictive conduct)	p. 116
Truthfulness (deceit)	p. 118
Compulsiveness (inflexibility)	p. 121
Avoidant personality (self-isolation)	p. 122
Dependent personality (indecisiveness)	p. 122
Social anxiety disorders (phobias)	p. 123
Social exclusion (pain)	p. 123
Schizoid personality disorder (loners)	p. 124
Paranoid personality disorder (suspiciousness)	p. 124
Passive-aggressive personality disorder (negativism)	p. 125
Depressive personality disorder (sadness)	p. 125
Posttraumatic stress disorder (anxiety)	p. 125
Antisocial personality disorder (disregard)	p. 126
Other disorders	p. 127
Overlays	p. 127
Drugs	p. 127
Harmful chemicals (chemophobia)	p. 129
Denial	p. 129
Cigarettes	p. 130
Coffee	p. 130
Caveats	p. 131
Confirmation	p. 131
Supplemental information	p. 131
Confidentiality	p. 131
Intervening causation	p. 131
Rapid changes	p. 132
Do no harm	p. 132
Secondary gain	p. 132
Chapter 10 Institutional and organizational errors	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Institutional errors	p. 133
Common viewpoints	p. 134
Mind-set	p. 134
Perceptual errors	p. 135
Reciprocity	p. 135
Open loops	p. 136
Motivation	p. 137
Theoretical risk	p. 137
Leadership errors	p. 138
Organizational culture	p. 140
Assumptions	p. 140
Historical perspective	p. 140
Industrial engineering	p. 141
Motivational concepts	p. 141
Supplemental error principles	p. 142
Adaptation of remedies	p. 142
Multiple actions	p. 142
Error indices	p. 142
Arbitrary controls	p. 142
Unreported incidents	p. 142
Nuisance problems	p. 142
Responsible supervision	p. 143
ERP teams	p. 143
Cautions	p. 144
Caveats	p. 144
Systematic error	p. 144
Emotional error	p. 144
Error detection	p. 144
Cueing	p. 145
Clarity	p. 145
Peer evaluations	p. 145
Rigidity	p. 145
Chapter 11 Management challenges	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Extended error traceability	p. 147
Depersonalization	p. 149
Incisive restoration	p. 150
Outsourcing	p. 151
Intelligence	p. 152
Error R&D	p. 153
Contagion	p. 154
Cognivitis and linguistic dystrophy	p. 155
Rising stars	p. 156
Robotization	p. 157
Error detectives	p. 157
Caveats	p. 158
Brain drain	p. 158
Visibility	p. 158
Loyalty	p. 158
Remote control	p. 159
Direct feedback	p. 159
Leadership	p. 159
Chapter 12 Professional responsibility (ethics)	p. 161
Obligations and duties	p. 161
Useful principles and practice	p. 162
The Nuremberg Code	p. 163
Forensic principles	p. 165
Independence	p. 165
Confidentiality	p. 166
Integrity of others	p. 166
Fees	p. 166
Familiarity with the law	p. 167
Records	p. 167
Other relationships	p. 167
Client property	p. 168
Practice of law	p. 168
Collegiality	p. 168
Institutional review boards	p. 168
Protocols	p. 169
Supplements	p. 171
Caveats	p. 172
Limits	p. 172
Rules	p. 173
Responsibility	p. 173
Obsession	p. 173
Enforcement	p. 173
Chapter 13 Discussion questions	p. 175
Smart robots	p. 175
Flexible workers	p. 176
The unguarded saw	p. 176
The stairway	p. 176
Acceptable defects	p. 177
Instinct	p. 177
Anger	p. 178
Fear	p. 178
Decision support	p. 178
Problem employees	p. 178
Aircraft control	p. 179
The zoo	p. 179
Pedagogy	p. 179
Surgical errors	p. 180
Epidural errors	p. 180
Averaging the errors	p. 180
Building evacuation	p. 181
Social information	p. 181
Pollution	p. 182
Sea spray	p. 182
Robotized humans	p. 182
Energetics and hardening	p. 183
Howitzer misfire	p. 183
Safety enhancement	p. 183
Aircraft munitions	p. 184
Robotic systems	p. 184
Reactive chemicals	p. 184
Decisions	p. 185
The tour route	p. 185
Hole in the ground	p. 185
Close call	p. 186
Regional differences	p. 186
The 5% rule	p. 187
One keystroke from danger	p. 187
Things happen	p. 187
Stress and mental confusion	p. 188
Space station	p. 188
Medical mistakes	p. 188
Oil refinery shortcomings	p. 189
Unknown probability of catastrophic events	p. 189
Attention	p. 190
Imitation	p. 190
Stress-induced alcoholism	p. 190
Cultural norms	p. 191
Cues and memory retrieval	p. 191
Cognitive memory	p. 192
Linear programming	p. 192
Safe exposure levels	p. 192
Multiple causation	p. 193
Attitude matters	p. 193
References and recommended reading	p. 195
Index	p. 203

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents