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Summary
Summary
Quartz, zeolites, gemstones, perovskite type oxides, ferrite, carbon allotropes, complex coordinated compounds and many moreùall products now being produced using hydrothermal technology. Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology brings together the latest techniques in this rapidly advancing field in one exceptionally useful, long-needed volume. The handbook provides a single source for understanding how aqueous solvents or mineralizers work under temperature and pressure to dissolve and recrystallize normally insoluble materials, and decompose or recycle any waste material. The result, as the authors show in the book, is technologically the most efficient method in crystal growth, materials processing, and waste treatment. The book gives scientists and technologists an overview of the entire subject including:ò Evolution of the technology from geology to widespread industrial use.ò Descriptions of equipment used in the process and how it works.ò Problems involved with the growth of crystals, processing of technological materials, environmental and safety issues.ò Analysis of the direction of today's technology.In addition, readers get a close look at the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites, fluorides, sulfides, tungstates, and molybdates, as well as native elements and simple oxides. Delving into the commercial production of various types, the authors clarify the effects of temperature, pressure, solvents, and various other chemical components on the hydrothermal processes.
Author Notes
Dr. K. Byrappa is a Professor at the University of Mysore in India
Dr. Masahiro Yoshimura is a Professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology where he is Director of the Center for Materials Design, Materials and Structure Lab.
Table of Contents
1 Hydrothermal Technology--Principles and Applications | p. 1 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.2 Definition | p. 7 |
1.3 Mineralizers | p. 9 |
1.4 Natural Hydrothermal Systems | p. 9 |
1.5 The Behavior of Volatiles and Other Incompatible Components Under Hydrothermal Conditions | p. 13 |
1.5.1 Water | p. 14 |
1.5.2 Fluorine and Chlorine | p. 14 |
1.5.3 Boron | p. 14 |
1.5.4 Phosphorus | p. 15 |
1.5.5 Behavior of Alkalis | p. 15 |
1.5.6 Crystallization Temperatures | p. 16 |
1.6 Submarine Hydrothermal Systems | p. 19 |
1.7 Hydrothermal Crystal Growth and Materials Processing | p. 27 |
1.8 Statistics of Publications and Research in Hydrothermal Technology | p. 32 |
1.9 Hydrothermal Materials Processing | p. 39 |
References | p. 43 |
2 History of Hydrothermal Technology | p. 53 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 53 |
References | p. 78 |
3 Apparatus | p. 82 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 82 |
3.2 Selection of Autoclave and Autoclave Materials | p. 84 |
3.3 Liners | p. 90 |
3.4 Temperature and Pressure Measurements | p. 97 |
3.5 Autoclaves and Autoclave Designs | p. 101 |
3.5.1 Conventional Autoclave Designs | p. 101 |
3.5.2 Novel Autoclaves | p. 118 |
3.6 Safety and Maintenance of Autoclaves | p. 149 |
References | p. 151 |
4 Physical Chemistry of Hydrothermal Growth of Crystals | p. 161 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 161 |
4.1.1 Physico-Chemical and Hydrodynamic Principles of the Hydrothermal Growth of Crystals | p. 162 |
4.2 Basic Principles of Phase Formation Under Hydrothermal Conditions | p. 166 |
4.3 Solutions, Solubility and Kinetics of Crystallization | p. 170 |
4.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Solubility | p. 174 |
4.5 Kinetics of Crystallization Under Hydrothermal Conditions | p. 182 |
4.5.1 Experimental Investigations of Solubility | p. 186 |
References | p. 191 |
5 Hydrothermal Growth of Some Selected Crystals | p. 198 |
5.1 Quartz | p. 198 |
5.2 Growth of High-Quality (and Dislocation Free) Quartz Crystals | p. 207 |
5.2.1 Growth Rate | p. 208 |
5.2.2 Seed Effect | p. 209 |
5.2.3 Nutrient Effect | p. 211 |
5.2.4 Solubility | p. 213 |
5.2.5 Defects Observed in Synthetic a-quartz Single Crystals | p. 215 |
5.2.6 Processing of [alpha]-quartz for High Frequency Devices | p. 219 |
5.3 Berlinite | p. 223 |
5.3.1 Crystal Chemical Significance of the Growth of AlPO[subscript 4] Crystals | p. 225 |
5.3.2 Solubility of Berlinite | p. 226 |
5.3.3 Crystal Growth | p. 231 |
5.3.4 Morphology | p. 236 |
5.3.5 Thermal Behavior | p. 243 |
5.3.6 Piezoelectric Properties of Berlinite | p. 244 |
5.4 Gallium Phosphate, GaPO[subscript 4] | p. 247 |
5.4.1 Crystal Growth of Gallium Phosphate | p. 248 |
5.4.2 Morphology | p. 253 |
5.4.3 Dielectric Properties of Gallium Phosphate | p. 254 |
5.5 Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) | p. 256 |
5.5.1 Crystal Growth of KTP | p. 259 |
5.5.2 Solubility of KTP | p. 264 |
5.5.3 Morphology | p. 268 |
5.6 Potassium Titanyl Arsenate | p. 269 |
5.7 Calcite | p. 273 |
5.7.1 Crystal Growth | p. 279 |
5.7.2 Hydrothermal Hot Pressing of Calcite | p. 284 |
5.7.3 Growth of Related Carbonates | p. 285 |
5.8 Hydroxyapatite (HAp) | p. 287 |
5.8.1 Crystal Structure of Apatite | p. 291 |
5.8.2 Phase Equilibria | p. 291 |
5.8.3 Crystal Growth | p. 295 |
References | p. 300 |
6 Hydrothermal Synthesis and Growth of Zeolites | p. 315 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 315 |
6.2 Mineralogy of Zeolites | p. 316 |
6.3 Crystal Chemistry of Zeolites | p. 318 |
6.4 Comparison Between Natural and Synthetic Zeolites | p. 327 |
6.5 Synthesis of Zeolites | p. 331 |
6.5.1 Molar Composition | p. 338 |
6.5.2 The Aging of Hydrogel | p. 340 |
6.5.3 Water in Zeolite Synthesis | p. 348 |
6.5.4 Temperature and Time | p. 349 |
6.5.5 Alkalinity (pH) | p. 350 |
6.5.6 Structure Directing and Composition Determining Species (Templating) | p. 352 |
6.5.7 Nucleation | p. 354 |
6.6 Crystal Growth | p. 364 |
6.7 Aluminophosphate Zeolites | p. 377 |
6.8 Growth of Zeolite Thin Films and Crystals at Inorganic/Organic Interfaces (Preparation of Zeolite-Based Composites) | p. 383 |
6.9 Applications of Zeolites | p. 391 |
6.10 Oxidative Catalysis on Zeolites | p. 398 |
References | p. 404 |
7 Hydrothermal Synthesis and Growth of Coordinated Complex Crystals (Part I) | p. 415 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 415 |
7.2 Crystal Chemical Background | p. 416 |
7.3 Rare Earth Silicates | p. 426 |
7.4 Phase Formation of Rare Earth Silicates (in Aqueous Solvents) | p. 426 |
7.5 Crystal Chemical Significance of Phase Formation | p. 436 |
7.5.1 Phase Formation in Surplus R[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] | p. 451 |
7.5.2 Silicates | p. 451 |
7.5.3 Phase Formation in the Rare Earth Silicate Systems in the High Silica Region | p. 454 |
7.6 Degree of Silification | p. 457 |
7.7 Properties of Rare Earth Silicates | p. 459 |
7.8 Sodium Zirconium Silicates | p. 461 |
7.9 Growth of Selected Silicates | p. 467 |
7.9.1 Bismuth Silicate, Bi[subscript 12]SiO[subscript 20] | p. 471 |
7.9.2 Beryl, Be[subscript 3]Al[subscript 2](SiO[subscript 3])[subscript 6] | p. 475 |
7.9.3 Tourmaline | p. 483 |
7.9.4 Nepheline | p. 484 |
7.9.5 Zincosilicates | p. 486 |
7.10 Hydrothermal Growth of Lithium Silicates | p. 495 |
7.11 Hydrothermal Growth of Germanates | p. 497 |
7.11.1 Rare Earth Germanates | p. 499 |
7.11.2 Zirconium Germanates | p. 511 |
7.11.3 Zincogermanates | p. 515 |
7.12 Properties of Germanates | p. 516 |
7.13 Hydrothermal Growth of Phosphates | p. 519 |
7.13.1 Structural Chemistry of Rare Earth Phosphates | p. 522 |
7.13.2 Hydrothermal Growth of Rare Earth Phosphates | p. 523 |
7.13.3 Structure Types of Rare Earth Phosphates | p. 533 |
7.14 Hydrothermal Growth of Mixed Valent Metal Phosphates | p. 533 |
7.15 Properties of Rare Earth and Mixed Valent Metal Phosphates | p. 555 |
7.16 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadates | p. 561 |
7.16.1 Growth of R = MVO[subscript 4] (R = Nd, Eu; M = Y, Gd) | p. 562 |
7.16.2 Growth of Mixed Valent Vanadates | p. 570 |
7.17 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Borates | p. 572 |
7.17.1 Hydrothermal Growth of Selected Borates | p. 576 |
References | p. 597 |
8 Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Fluorides, Sulfides, Tungstates, Molybdates, and Related Compounds | p. 618 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 618 |
8.2 Fluorides | p. 618 |
8.2.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Rare Earth Fluorides | p. 619 |
8.2.2 Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earth Fluorides | p. 623 |
8.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Transition Metal Fluorides | p. 626 |
8.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fluorocarbonates and Fluorophosphates | p. 629 |
8.5 Oxyfluorinated Compounds | p. 631 |
8.6 Physical Properties of Transition Metal Fluorides and Fluorocarbonates/Fluorophosphates/oxyfluorides | p. 633 |
8.7 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Tungstates | p. 636 |
8.8 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Molybdates | p. 646 |
8.9 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Titanates | p. 650 |
8.9.1 Crystal Chemistry of Titanates | p. 651 |
8.9.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Selected Titanates | p. 655 |
8.10 Hydrothermal Growth of Lithium Metagallate Crystals | p. 663 |
8.11 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Sulphides | p. 665 |
8.11.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Sulphides of Univalent Metals | p. 666 |
8.11.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Divalent Metal Sulphides | p. 666 |
8.11.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Complex Sulphides | p. 672 |
8.11.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Chalcohalides | p. 672 |
8.12 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Selenides, Tellurides, Niobates and Tantalates | p. 674 |
8.13 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Arsenates | p. 680 |
References | p. 682 |
9 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Native Elements and Simple Oxides | p. 691 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 691 |
9.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Native Elements | p. 691 |
9.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hydroxides | p. 700 |
9.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Selected Oxides | p. 702 |
9.4.1 Cu[subscript 2]O (Cuprite) | p. 702 |
9.4.2 BeO (Bromelite) | p. 703 |
9.4.3 Zinc Oxide | p. 703 |
9.4.4 Hydrothermal Growth of Corundum | p. 707 |
9.4.5 Hydrothermal Growth of Oxides of Ti, Zr and Hf | p. 712 |
9.5 Hydrothermal Growth of Tellurium Dioxide | p. 714 |
9.6 Hydrothermal Synthesis of TiO[subscript 2] and Related Oxide Powders | p. 717 |
9.7 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mixed Oxides | p. 729 |
9.7.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Aluminates | p. 729 |
9.7.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Antimonites and Antimonates | p. 731 |
9.7.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Garnets | p. 734 |
9.7.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ferrite | p. 736 |
9.7.5 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Complex Oxides | p. 739 |
References | p. 743 |
10 Hydrothermal Processing of Materials | p. 754 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 754 |
10.2 Hydrothermal Preparation of Advanced Ceramics | p. 755 |
10.2.1 Hydrothermal Preparation of Simple Oxide Ceramics | p. 758 |
10.2.2 Hydrothermal Preparation of Perovskite Type of Mixed Oxide Ceramics | p. 762 |
10.2.3 Hydrothermal Processing of Bioceramics | p. 773 |
10.2.4 Hydrothermal Preparation of Thin Films | p. 777 |
10.2.5 Hydrothermal Processing of Composites | p. 785 |
10.3 Hydrothermal Processing of Whisker Crystals | p. 793 |
10.4 Related Methods of Hydrothermal Processing of Materials | p. 801 |
10.4.1 Hydrothermal Hot Pressing (HHP) and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) | p. 802 |
10.4.2 Hydrothermal Reaction Sintering of Processing Materials | p. 804 |
10.4.3 Microwave Hydrothermal Processing | p. 808 |
10.4.4 Hydrothermal Treatment/Recycling/Alteration | p. 813 |
10.5 Hydrothermal Technology for the 21st Century | p. 815 |
10.5.1 Thermodynamic Principles of Advanced Materials Processing | p. 818 |
References | p. 829 |
Index | p. 846 |