Practical data communications

Title:

Personal Author:

Freeman, Roger L.

Publication Information:

New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1995

ISBN:

9780471310211

Subject Term:

Data transmission systems

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000003215773	TK5105.F73 1995	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

With the accelerating growth in the use of computers and PCs in the workplace, the practical aspects of designing and operating data communications systems have become increasingly more complex. Practical Data Communications provides the needed background and fills in the gaps for the many who must tackle this vital technology with little basic training. It does so in clear and precise terms and with a hands-on approach to network design and management aimed at ensuring the optimal implementation of data communications.

While laying down the theoretical principles of electronic data communications, the book assumes no particular technical knowledge other than basic electricity and elementary algebra. It is a tutorial work that readily initiates the reader at the level of bits, bit sequences, and bauds in its introduction to the basic concepts of data signals and their electrical nature.

This book serves the practitioner. Its wide discussion of data network enhancements and design is built upon a thorough introduction of generic and specific data networks, focusing at length on transmission limitations, protocols and how they work, and questions of standards and related topics. The book covers local area networks (LANs) based on IEEE and ANSI standards, and wide area networks (WANs) built around TCP/IP, SNA, and OSI related protocols. It also covers VSAT (very small aperture terminal) satellite networks for data connectivity, and frame relay and SMDS for the interconnection of LANs over long distances.

The reader will share the benefits of the author's extensive experience, detailing actual implementation methods for enterprise networks, considering particular corporate and government requirements, describing wiring concepts and specific models, and providing comparisons between different systems in terms of performance and complexity.

Throughout, data communication is incorporated into the bigger picture of telecommunications, including the public switched digital network (PSDN), questions of high-capacity transmission media such as fiber optics, wire pair, and microwave and satellite communications. There is emphasis on the trend toward the integration of data, voice, and image into a single telecommunication system--popularly termed multimedia communications.

Practical Data Communications is an indispensable guide for the engineering student, computer scientist, data network technician, and MIS/telecommunications manager.

From ASCII to asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and from data modems to satellite links, this book provides both an overview of data communications and a comprehensive guide to its practical aspects. It demystifies buzz words; cuts through the jungle of hardware, protocols, and standards; and lays down a solid framework for understanding the elements that facilitate interconnectivity.

This timely and much needed resource can be used in a number of ways:

As a tutorial that fleshes out the basics and builds an understanding of data communications from the ground up As a basic reference to precise terminology, applications, and practices within the field As an overview of current technologies and future trends in the wider context of telecommunications As a user's guide to the implementation of the technology in a way that will promote effective and optimal use of data communications over networks

Practical Data Communications is an indispensable guide for telecommunications managers, technicians, network managers, computer scientists and programmers, and anyone involved with the operation and design of data communications systems. As a senior-level textbook, it helps students understand the underlying principles of networks and to appreciate exactly where this technology is leading us.

Author Notes

Born in New York City, Roger Freeman is a widely known telecommunications engineer, educator, and author of several handbooks and manuals for students and telecommunications engineers. From 1948 until 1951, Freeman attended Northeastern University. He dropped out to work as a radio officer with the Military Sea Transportation Service and was stationed in Brooklyn, New York (1952-59). In 1959 he went to work as an engineer for Bendix Radio in Spain, where he remained until 1962. He spent the next 16 years as a research engineer and technical director for International Telephone and Telegraph Communications Systems (ITT). While working for ITT, Freeman earned a B.A. (1966) and an M.A. (1973) in electrical engineering from New York University. Since 1978 he has been senior principal engineer and program manager of the equipment division at the Raytheon Company of Sudbury, Massachusetts, as well as faculty member of Northeastern University.

(Bowker Author Biography)

Reviews 1

Choice Review

Freeman's book serves as a comprehensive basic reference of generic data communications systems, protocols, models, and networks for practitioners either skilled or new to the field. The myriad topics include many elements of data transmission, network operations, the public switched telephone network, local and wide area networks, network protocols and models, building wiring, broadband technology, last-mile systems, and addressing conventions. In this new edition (1st ed., 1995), Freeman has restructured his book by focusing on the viewpoint of an information technologist rather than an electrical engineer. He also updated and added material based on his considerable knowledge and experience with the continuously evolving data communications field. Among other valued contributions, the book will serve as a single source of this field's specialized acronyms, terminology, basic concepts, and practices. Conversely, it does not delve into theory nor provide detailed insight on most of the topics covered. Chapter reference listings; extensive index. Professionals. E. M. Aupperle University of Michigan

Preface	p. xxix
Chapter 1 The Enterprise Network Environment	p. 1
1.1 Enterprise Networks	p. 1
1.2 Types of Network Topology	p. 3
1.3 Network Access: An Overview	p. 6
1.4 Initial Network Design Considerations	p. 7
1.5 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Service	p. 8
1.6 Data Protocols: Key to Network Operation	p. 8
1.6.1 Introduction	p. 8
1.6.2 Basic Protocol Functions	p. 9
References	p. 11
Chapter 2 The OSI Model and the Data-Link Layer	p. 13
2.1 Introduction	p. 13
2.2 Layering	p. 14
2.2.1 Notation	p. 14
2.2.2 Basic Structuring Technique	p. 14
2.3 Type and Instance	p. 15
2.4 Possible Sublayers	p. 16
2.5 Data Units	p. 17
2.6 Specific Layers of the OSI Reference Model	p. 18
2.7 Layer Descriptions	p. 19
2.8 Specific Comments on OSI	p. 33
2.8.1 General	p. 33
2.9 Discussion of OSI Layers 1-4	p. 34
2.9.1 The Physical Layer (Layer 1)	p. 34
2.9.2 The Data-Link Layer (Layer 2)	p. 35
2.9.3 The Network Layer (Layer 3)	p. 37
2.9.4 Internet Protocol (IP) and Gateway Layer (Layer 3.5)	p. 37
2.9.5 The Transport Layer (Layer 4)	p. 38
2.10 Procedural Versus Electrical	p. 39
2.10.1 Narrative	p. 39
References	p. 39
Chapter 3 High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) Typical Data-Link Layer Protocol	p. 41
3.1 Introduction	p. 41
3.2 Stations and Configurations	p. 42
3.3 Modes of Operation Used with HDLC	p. 43
3.4 HDLC Frame Structure	p. 43
3.4.1 Sequence Numbering in HDLC	p. 45
3.4.2 The Poll/Final Bit	p. 47
3.4.3 Supervisory Frames	p. 47
3.4.4 Unnumbered (U) Frames	p. 48
3.4.5 Information Field	p. 48
3.4.6 Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Field	p. 48
3.5 Commands and Responses	p. 49
3.5.1 Mode-Setting Commands	p. 49
3.5.2 Miscellaneous Commands	p. 51
3.5.3 Responses to Unnumbered Commands	p. 51
3.6 Frame Operation	p. 52
3.7 Error Recovery	p. 53
3.8 Other Station Modes	p. 54
3.9 SDLC Variations with HDLC	p. 55
References	p. 55
Chapter 4 Data Network Operations	p. 57
4.1 Chapter Objective	p. 57
4.2 General Requirements for the Interchange of Data	p. 57
4.3 Discussion of Issues and Requirements	p. 58
4.3.1 Pathway(s) Exist(s)	p. 58
4.3.2 Access to the Pathway	p. 59
4.3.3 Directing the Data Messages to Its Intended User(s)	p. 59
4.3.4 Data Urgency	p. 59
4.3.5 Maintenance of Data Integrity	p. 60
4.4 Error Detection Schemes	p. 61
4.4.1 Parity Checks	p. 61
4.4.2 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)	p. 62
4.5 Error Correction Schemes	p. 64
4.5.1 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)	p. 64
4.5.2 Forward Error Correction (FEC)	p. 65
4.6 Data Switching	p. 67
4.6.1 Philosophy of "Data Signaling" Versus Telephone Signaling	p. 69
4.6.2 Smart Bridges, Routers, and Switching Hubs	p. 71
References	p. 71
Chapter 5 Data Transmission I	p. 73
5.1 Electrical Communication of Information	p. 73
5.2 The Bit and Binary Transmission of Information	p. 73
5.3 Binary Codes for Data Communication	p. 76
5.4 Electrical Bit Decisions	p. 79
5.5 Electrical Representation of Binary Data	p. 82
5.5.1 Neutral and Polar Waveforms	p. 82
5.5.2 Waveforms and Line Codes	p. 83
5.6 Binary Conventions	p. 84
5.7 Bit-Parallel and Bit-Serial	p. 85
5.8 Baseband	p. 86
5.9 Data Rate	p. 87
5.9.1 Error Rate	p. 87
References	p. 88
Chapter 6 Data Transmission II	p. 89
6.1 Interpreting a Serial Stream of Bits	p. 89
6.1.1 The Problem	p. 89
6.1.2 Start-Stop Transmission	p. 89
6.1.3 Synchronous Transmission	p. 91
6.2 Timing Distortion in a Serial Bit Stream	p. 93
6.3 The Transmission of Digital Data	p. 94
6.3.1 Baseband Transmission	p. 94
6.3.2 Transmission of Data over Longer Distances	p. 95
6.3.3 Data Circuit Performance	p. 102
6.4 Interface at the Physical Layer	p. 107
6.4.1 Introduction	p. 107
6.4.2 The DTE-DCE Interface	p. 108
6.5 The Question of Bandwidth	p. 116
6.5.1 Bandwidth Versus Bit Rate	p. 116
6.5.2 Bandwidth Defined	p. 116
6.5.3 First and Second Bandwidth Approximations	p. 116
6.5.4 Shannon	p. 117
6.5.5 Summary	p. 118
References	p. 118
Chapter 7 The Telecommunications Network as a Vehicle for Data Transport	p. 121
7.1 The Public Switched Telecommunication Network	p. 121
7.1.1 Introduction	p. 121
7.1.2 Access to the PSTN: The Subscriber Network	p. 122
7.2 Introduction to Digital Networks	p. 123
7.2.1 Rationale	p. 123
7.2.2 Development of a PCM Signal	p. 123
7.2.3 The Concept of Frame	p. 131
7.2.4 The Line Code	p. 134
7.2.5 Regenerative Repeaters	p. 135
7.2.6 Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems	p. 136
7.2.7 Line Rates and Codes	p. 139
7.3 Brief Overview of Digital Switching	p. 139
7.3.1 Advantages and Issues of PCM Switching	p. 139
7.3.2 Approaches to PCM Switching	p. 140
7.3.3 Time Switch	p. 140
7.3.4 Space Switch	p. 142
7.3.5 Time-Space-Time Switch	p. 144
7.3.6 Space-Time-Space Switch	p. 146
7.4 Digital Network Structure	p. 146
7.5 Digital Network Impairments and Performance Requirements	p. 147
7.5.1 Error Performance	p. 147
7.5.2 Slips	p. 147
7.6 Data Transmission on the Digital Network	p. 149
7.6.1 The Problem	p. 149
7.6.2 Some Solutions	p. 149
7.7 Interconnects and Bypass	p. 151
7.8 Bypass in Economically Evolving Nations	p. 152
References	p. 152
Chapter 8 The Transmission of Data over the Analog Voice Channel	p. 155
8.1 Background	p. 155
8.2 Two-Wire Versus Four-Wire Operation	p. 156
8.2.1 What Is Two-Wire and Four-Wire Operation?	p. 156
8.2.2 Two-Wire Transmission	p. 156
8.2.3 Four-Wire Transmission	p. 156
8.3 Echo and Singing: Telecommunication Network Impairments	p. 159
8.4 Amplitude Distortion and Phase Distortion	p. 159
8.4.1 Introduction	p. 159
8.4.2 Amplitude Distortion	p. 160
8.4.3 Phase Distortion	p. 160
8.4.4 Conditioning and Equalization	p. 161
8.5 Data Modems	p. 165
8.5.1 Where We Are and Where We Are Going	p. 165
8.5.2 Getting More Bits per Hertz	p. 165
8.5.3 Specific High-Speed Modems	p. 168
8.5.4 Scrambling and Its Rationale	p. 174
8.5.5 Introduction to Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM)	p. 176
8.5.6 The V.34 Modem: 28,8000 bps and 33,600 bps	p. 178
8.5.7 The V.90 Modem--Maximum Data Rate: 56 kbps	p. 187
References	p. 200
Chapter 9 Data Communications in the Office Environment, Part 1	p. 203
9.1 Introduction	p. 203
9.2 Distinguishing Characteristics of LANs	p. 204
9.3 How LAN Protocols Relate to OSI	p. 206
9.4 Logical Link Control (LLC)	p. 206
9.4.1 LLC Sublayer Services and Primitives	p. 208
9.4.2 LLC PDU Structure	p. 211
9.5 Medium Access Control (MAC)	p. 223
9.5.1 Introduction	p. 223
9.5.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)	p. 223
9.6 CSMA/CD--Current Status and Advanced Operation	p. 232
9.6.1 General	p. 232
9.6.2 Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex	p. 232
9.6.3 Compatability Interfaces--Physical Layer	p. 232
9.6.4 Layer Interface Requirements	p. 236
9.6.5 Allowable Implementations--Parameterized Values	p. 238
9.6.6 Physical Signaling (PLS) and Attachment Unit Interface (AUI)--Selected Discussion	p. 240
9.6.7 System Configurations for Multisegment 10-Mbps Baseband Networks	p. 249
9.7 100-Mbps CSMA/CD Baseband Networks	p. 252
9.7.1 Overview--Key Points	p. 252
9.7.2 Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) and Media-Independent Interface (MII)--Description Details	p. 256
9.7.3 100BASE-T4, Its PMA, and PCS	p. 261
9.7.4 Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Sublayer, Type 100BASE-X	p. 264
9.7.5 System Considerations for Multisegment 100BASE-T Networks	p. 271
9.8 1000-Mbps CSMA/CD Networks	p. 274
9.8.1 Overview	p. 274
9.8.2 Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) and Gigabit Media-Independent Interface (GMII)	p. 276
9.8.3 Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Sublayer, 1000BASE-X	p. 277
9.8.4 System Considerations for Multisegment 1000-Mbps Networks	p. 283
References	p. 288
Chapter 10 Data Communications in the Office Environment, Part 2	p. 289
10.1 Medium Access Control--Token-Passing Schemes	p. 289
10.1.1 Introduction	p. 289
10.1.2 Token-Passing Bus	p. 290
10.1.3 Token-Passing Ring	p. 293
10.1.4 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)	p. 308
10.1.5 Wireless LANs (WLANs)	p. 316
10.2 Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, and Hubs	p. 335
10.2.1 Definitions and Interactions	p. 335
10.3 LAN Bridges--Overview	p. 335
10.3.2 Source Routing Bridges	p. 352
10.3.3 Remote Bridges	p. 354
10.4 Hubs and Switching Hubs	p. 355
10.4.1 Rationale and Function	p. 355
10.4.2 Improvements in Hub Technology	p. 355
10.5 Routers	p. 356
10.5.1 Addressing with Hierarchical Significance	p. 356
10.5.2 Subnet Masks	p. 358
10.6 Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs)	p. 358
10.7 Servers and Intranets	p. 359
10.7.1 Servers	p. 359
10.7.2 Intranet and Extranet	p. 360
References	p. 360
Chapter 11 Wide Area Networks (WANs)	p. 363
11.1 Background and Scope	p. 363
11.2 Basic Approaches	p. 364
11.2.1 Point-to-Point Links	p. 364
11.2.2 Data Multiplexers and Statmultiplexers	p. 366
11.3 Packet Networks for Data Communication	p. 367
11.3.1 Introduction to Packet Data	p. 367
11.3.2 Packet-Switched and Virtual Connections Based on ITU-T Rec. X.25	p. 369
11.4 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)	p. 386
11.4.1 Background and Application	p. 386
11.4.2 TCP/IP and Data-Link Layers	p. 387
11.4.3 The IP Routing Function	p. 390
11.4.4 Detailed IP Operation	p. 391
11.4.5 The Transmission Control Protocol	p. 402
11.4.6 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)	p. 410
11.5 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)	p. 414
11.5.1 UDP Header Format and Fields	p. 414
11.6 The CLNP Protocol Based on ISO 8473	p. 415
11.6.1 CLNP Frame Formats	p. 416
11.6.2 Frame Field Description--Fixed Part	p. 416
11.6.3 Error Report PDU (ER)	p. 423
11.7 Networking via VSATs	p. 424
11.7.1 Rationale of VSAT Networks	p. 424
11.7.2 Basic Description of a VSAT Network	p. 425
11.7.3 Disadvantages of a VSAT Network	p. 425
11.7.4 Important Design Variables	p. 427
11.8 Hypothetical Reference Connections for Public Synchronous Data Networks	p. 430
References	p. 431
Chapter 12 Frame Relay	p. 433
12.1 How Can Networks Be Speeded Up?	p. 433
12.1.1 The Genesis of Frame Relay	p. 435
12.2 Introduction to Frame Relay	p. 436
12.2.1 The Frame Structure	p. 437
12.2.2 Address Field Discussion	p. 441
12.3 DL-CORE Parameters (As Defined by ANSI)	p. 444
12.3.1 Procedures	p. 444
12.4 Traffic and Billing on Frame Relay	p. 445
12.5 PVCs and SVCs	p. 446
12.6 Two Types of Interfaces: UNI and NNI	p. 446
12.7 Congestion Control: A Discussion	p. 447
12.7.1 Network Response to Congestion	p. 448
12.7.2 User Response to Congestion	p. 448
12.7.3 Consolidated Link Layer Management (CLLM) Messages	p. 449
12.7.4 Action of a Congested Node	p. 452
12.8 Flow Control and Possible Applications of FECN and BECN Bits	p. 453
12.8.1 FECN Usage	p. 453
12.8.2 BECN Usage	p. 454
12.9 Policing a Frame Relay Network	p. 455
12.9.1 Introduction	p. 455
12.9.2 Definitions	p. 455
12.9.3 Relationship Among Parameters	p. 456
12.10 Quality of Service Parameters	p. 458
12.11 Network Responsibilities	p. 459
12.12 Frame Relay Signalling Functions	p. 460
12.12.1 PVC Management Procedures	p. 461
12.12.2 Signaling Required for SVCs	p. 468
12.13 Compatibility Issues	p. 474
References	p. 480
Chapter 13 Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs)	p. 483
13.1 Introduction	p. 483
13.2 ISDN Structures	p. 483
13.2.1 ISDN User Channels	p. 483
13.2.2 Basic and Primary Rate Interfaces	p. 484
13.3 User Access and Interface	p. 485
13.3.1 General	p. 485
13.4 ISDN Protocols and Protocol Issues	p. 488
13.5 ISDN Networks	p. 490
13.6 ISDN Protocol Structures	p. 493
13.6.1 ISDN and OSI	p. 493
13.6.2 Layer 1 Interface, Basic Rate (CCITT)	p. 494
13.6.3 Layer 1 Interface, Primary Rate	p. 500
13.7 Overview of Layer 2 Interface: Link Access Procedure for the D Channel (LAPD)	p. 505
13.7.1 Layer 2 Frame Structure for Peer-to-Peer Communication	p. 509
13.8 Overview of Layer 3	p. 514
13.8.1 Layer 3 Specification	p. 516
13.9 ISDN Packet Mode Review	p. 520
13.9.1 Introduction	p. 520
13.9.2 Case A: Configuration When Accessing PSPDN Services	p. 520
13.9.3 Case B: Configuration for the ISDN Virtual Circuit Service	p. 521
13.9.4 Service Aspects	p. 523
References	p. 524
Chapter 14 Building and Campus Wiring and Cabling for Data Communications	p. 527
14.1 Background and Objective	p. 527
14.2 Major Elements of Telecommunication Building Layout	p. 528
14.3 Horizontal Cabling	p. 528
14.3.1 Selection of Media	p. 529
14.4 Backbone Cabling	p. 530
14.4.1 Topology of Backbone Cabling	p. 530
14.4.2 Selecting Cable Media	p. 530
14.5 Telecommunication Closets	p. 532
14.5.1 Cabling Practices	p. 532
14.6 Entrance Facilities	p. 533
14.7 100-[Omega] Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cabling Systems	p. 533
14.7.1 UTP Category Definitions	p. 533
14.7.2 Horizontal UTP Cable	p. 534
14.8 Backbone UTP Cabling	p. 535
14.8.1 Transmission Performance Requirements	p. 535
14.8.2 Connecting Hardware for UTP Cable	p. 536
14.9 150-[Omega] Shielded Twisted-Pair Cabling Systems	p. 538
14.9.1 Transmission Performance Requirements	p. 538
14.10 Optical Fiber Cabling Systems	p. 539
14.10.1 Backbone Optical Fiber Cable	p. 540
14.11 Grounding and Bonding Infrastructure for Commercial Buildings	p. 541
14.11.1 Rationale	p. 541
14.11.2 The Telecommunications Bonding Backbone (TBB)	p. 542
14.11.3 The Telecommunications Main Grounding Busbar (TMGB)	p. 543
14.11.4 The Telecommunications Grounding Busbar (TGB)	p. 544
14.11.5 Bonding to the Metal Frame of a Building	p. 544
14.11.6 Telecommunications Entrance Facility (TEF)	p. 545
14.11.7 Telecommunication Closets and Equipment Rooms	p. 546
14.12 Customer-Owned Outside Plant (OSP) Infrastructure	p. 546
14.12.1 OSP Cabling Infrastructure Defined	p. 546
14.12.2 OSP Topology	p. 546
14.12.3 Recognized Cable Media and Media Selection	p. 548
References	p. 549
Chapter 15 Broadband Data Transport Techniques	p. 551
15.1 Chapter Objective	p. 551
15.2 Introduction to Fiber-Optics Transmission	p. 552
15.2.1 What Is So Good About Fiber-Optic Transmission?	p. 552
15.2.2 Advantages of Optical Fiber	p. 553
15.2.3 Overview of an Optical Fiber Link	p. 554
15.2.4 Optical Fiber Transmission	p. 555
15.2.5 Types of Optical Fiber	p. 562
15.2.6 Fiber-Optic Cable	p. 563
15.2.7 Fiber-Optic Transmitters	p. 564
15.2.8 Receivers	p. 566
15.2.9 Repeaters	p. 568
15.2.10 Fiber-Optic Amplifiers	p. 568
15.2.11 The Joining of Fibers: Splices and Connectors	p. 569
15.2.12 Modulation and Coding	p. 569
15.3 Higher-Order Multiplexing Formats: SONET and SDH	p. 571
15.3.1 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)	p. 571
15.3.2 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy	p. 583
15.4 Line-of-Sight Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Transmission Systems	p. 591
15.4.1 Broadband Radio Systems	p. 591
15.4.2 An Overview of Line-of-Sight Microwave	p. 592
15.4.3 Satellite Communications	p. 596
References	p. 599
Chapter 16 Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)	p. 601
16.1 Where Are We Going?	p. 601
16.2 Introduction to ATM	p. 602
16.3 User-Network Interface (UNI), Configuration, and Architecture	p. 605
16.4 The ATM Cell: Key to Operation	p. 606
16.4.1 ATM Cell Structure	p. 606
16.4.2 Header Error Control Sequence Generation	p. 611
16.4.3 Idle Cells	p. 613
16.5 Cell Delineation and Scrambling	p. 613
16.5.1 Delineation and Scrambling Objectives	p. 613
16.5.2 Cell Delineation Algorithm	p. 614
16.6 ATM Layering and B-ISDN	p. 615
16.6.1 Functions of Individual ATM/B-ISDN Layers	p. 616
16.6.2 The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)	p. 620
16.7 Services: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless	p. 633
16.7.1 Functional Architecture	p. 633
16.7.2 CLNAP Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Structure and Encoding	p. 635
16.8 Aspects of a B-ISDN/ATM Network	p. 637
16.8.1 ATM Routing and Switching	p. 637
16.9 Signaling Requirements	p. 640
16.9.1 Setup and Release of VCCs	p. 640
16.9.2 Signaling Virtual Channels	p. 640
16.9.3 Metasignaling	p. 641
16.9.4 Practical Signaling Considerations	p. 643
16.10 Quality of Service (QoS)	p. 647
16.10.1 ATM Service Quality Review	p. 647
16.10.2 Definitions	p. 647
16.10.3 Cell Transfer Delay	p. 648
16.10.4 Cell Delay Variation	p. 648
16.10.5 Cell Loss Ratio	p. 649
16.10.6 Mean Cell Transfer Delay	p. 649
16.10.7 Cell Error Ratio	p. 649
16.10.8 Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio	p. 650
16.10.9 Cell Misinsertion Rate	p. 650
16.11 Traffic Control and Congestion Control	p. 650
16.11.1 Generic Functions	p. 650
16.11.2 Events, Actions, Time Scales, and Response Times	p. 651
16.11.3 Quality of Service, Network Performance, and Cell Loss Priority	p. 652
16.11.4 Traffic Descriptors and Parameters	p. 653
16.11.5 User-Network Traffic Contract	p. 654
16.12 Transporting ATM Cells	p. 659
16.12.1 In the DS3 Frame	p. 659
16.12.2 DS1 Mapping	p. 660
16.12.3 E1 Mapping	p. 662
16.12.4 Mapping ATM Cells into SDH	p. 665
16.12.5 Mapping ATM Cells into SONET	p. 666
16.12.6 Cell Rates for Various Typical Connections	p. 666
16.13 ATM Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)	p. 667
16.13.1 OAM Levels in the B-ISDN	p. 667
16.13.2 Mechanisms to Provide OAM Flows	p. 668
16.13.3 ATM Layer Mechanism: F4 and F5 Flows	p. 669
16.13.4 OAM Functions of the Physical Layer	p. 671
16.13.5 OAM Functions of the ATM Layer	p. 671
16.13.6 ATM Layer OAM Cell Format	p. 677
References	p. 678
Chapter 17 Last-Mile Data Distribution Systems	p. 681
17.1 New Approaches to Outside Plant Distribution	p. 681
17.2 Introducing Last-Mile Distribution Systems	p. 682
17.3 Introduction to CATV	p. 687
17.3.1 The Essentials of TV Signal Distribution on a CATV System	p. 688
17.3.2 Extending CATV Coverage Area	p. 690
17.3.3 The DOCSIS Specification	p. 692
17.4 Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS)	p. 716
17.4.1 Frequency Reuse	p. 718
17.5 Other Methods to Breach the Last Mile	p. 724
17.5.1 Remote Wireless (Radio) Bridges	p. 724
17.5.2 In-Building Wireless Telephone Systems	p. 725
References	p. 725
Chapter 18 Network Management for Enterprise Networks	p. 727
18.1 What is Network Management?	p. 727
18.2 The Bigger Picture	p. 727
18.3 Traditional Breakout by Tasks	p. 728
18.3.1 Fault Management	p. 728
18.3.2 Configuration Management	p. 728
18.3.3 Performance Management	p. 729
18.3.4 Security Management	p. 729
18.3.5 Accounting Management	p. 729
18.4 Survivability--Where Network Management Really Pays	p. 729
18.5 Availability Enhancement--Rapid Troubleshooting	p. 730
18.5.1 Troubleshooting	p. 731
18.6 System Depth--A Network Management Problem	p. 734
18.6.1 Aids in Network Management Provisioning	p. 735
18.6.2 Communication Channels for the Network Management System	p. 739
18.7 An Introduction to Network Management Protocols	p. 739
18.7.1 Two Network Management Protocols	p. 739
18.7.2 An Overview of SNMP	p. 740
18.7.3 SNMP Version 2	p. 746
18.7.4 Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP)	p. 747
18.8 Telecommunications Management Network (TMN)	p. 749
18.8.1 Objective and Scope	p. 749
18.8.2 Network Management Functions Carried Out in Upper OSI Layers	p. 751
References	p. 755
Appendix I Addressing Conventions	p. 757
I.1 Transforming Decimal Numbers to Binary Numbers and Transforming Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbering	p. 757
I.2 Decimal Digit Representation in IP Addresses	p. 759
I.3 Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Numbers	p. 761
Appendix II Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. 763
Index	p. 779

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