Communications facility design handbook

The responsibilities of the system engineer are many and varied, especially as they relate to facility design and construction. Successful execution of these responsibilities requires an understanding of the underlying technologies, the applicable quality standards, and the proper methods for achieving them. The Communications Facility Design Handbook is dedicated to providing and supporting that understanding. It examines the tasks and functions of the system engineer and establishes a foundation for designing, installing, operating, and maintaining audio, video, computer, and radio frequency systems and facilities.

Unique in its scope and its approach, The Communications Facility Design Handbook describes the important steps required to take a project from basic design to installation and completion. From the fundamental principles of electronics to details on wiring, from budget analysis to safety considerations, this is your one-stop reference for planning, building, renovating, and operating all types of electronics facilities.

Chapter 1 Electronics Fundamentals	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Electrical Fundamentals	p. 1
Conductors and Insulators	p. 2
Direct Current (dc)	p. 3
Alternating Current (ac)	p. 3
Electronic Circuits	p. 3
Circuit Analysis	p. 5
AC Circuits	p. 6
Power Relationship in AC Circuits	p. 6
Complex Numbers	p. 7
Phasors	p. 9
Per Unit System	p. 10
Static Electricity	p. 11
Magnetism	p. 11
Electromagnetism	p. 12
Magnetic Shielding	p. 13
Electromagnetic-Radiation Spectrum	p. 13
Low-End Spectrum Frequencies (1 to 1000 Hz)	p. 14
Low-End Radio Frequencies (1000 to 100 kHz)	p. 14
Medium-Frequency Radio (20 kHz to 2 MHz)	p. 15
High-Frequency Radio (2 to 30 MHz)	p. 16
Very High and Ultrahigh Frequencies (30 MHz to 3 GHz)	p. 16
Microwaves (3 to 300 GHz)	p. 16
Infrared, Visible, and Ultraviolet Light	p. 17
X-Rays	p. 17
Passive Circuit Components	p. 17
Resistors	p. 17
Wire-Wound Resistor	p. 17
Metal Film Resistor	p. 19
Carbon Film Resistor	p. 20
Carbon Composition Resistor	p. 21
Control and Limiting Resistors	p. 21
Resistor Networks	p. 21
Adjustable Resistors	p. 22
Attenuators	p. 23
Capacitors	p. 23
Polarized Capacitors	p. 23
Nonpolarized Capacitors	p. 25
Film Capacitors	p. 25
Foil Capacitors	p. 25
Electrolytic Capacitors	p. 26
Ceramic Capacitors	p. 26
Polarized-Capacitor Construction	p. 26
Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors	p. 27
Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors	p. 27
Inductors and Transformers	p. 28
Losses in Inductors and Transformers	p. 28
Air-Core Inductors	p. 29
Ferromagnetic Cores	p. 29
Shielding	p. 30
Diodes and Rectifiers	p. 30
The pn Junction	p. 32
Zener Diodes and Reverse Breakdown	p. 32
Current Regulators	p. 33
Varistor	p. 33
Indicators	p. 34
Active Circuit Components	p. 35
Vacuum Tubes	p. 36
Bipolar Transistors	p. 36
NPN and PNP Transistors	p. 38
Transistor Impedance and Gain	p. 38
Transistor Configurations	p. 39
Switching and Inductive-Load Ratings	p. 40
Noise	p. 41
Field-Effect Transistors	p. 42
FET Impedance and Gain	p. 43
Integrated Circuits	p. 44
Digital Integrated Circuits	p. 44
Linear Integrated Circuits	p. 45
References	p. 45
Bibliography	p. 45
Chapter 2 Modulation Systems	p. 47
Introduction	p. 47
Principles of Resonance	p. 49
Series Resonant Circuits	p. 49
Parallel Resonant Circuits	p. 51
Cavity Resonators	p. 52
Operating Class	p. 53
Amplitude Modulation	p. 55
Frequency Modulation	p. 59
Modulation Index	p. 59
Phase Modulation	p. 64
Pulse Modulation	p. 64
Digital Modulation Systems	p. 64
Pulse Amplitude Modulation	p. 65
Pulse Time Modulation	p. 65
Pulse Code Modulation	p. 68
Delta Modulation	p. 69
Digital Coding Systems	p. 69
Baseband Digital Pulse Modulation	p. 71
Spread Spectrum	p. 72
References	p. 74
Bibliography	p. 74
Chapter 3 Analog and Digital Circuits	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Single-Stage Transistor/FET Amplifier	p. 77
Impedance and Gain	p. 79
Common-Base or Common-Gate Connection	p. 80
Common-Collector or Common-Drain Connection	p. 82
Bias and Large Signals	p. 82
Operational Amplifiers	p. 84
Digital Circuits	p. 88
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion	p. 88
Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion	p. 89
Combinational Logic	p. 91
Boolean Algebra	p. 93
Logic Device Families	p. 93
Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)	p. 94
Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)	p. 94
NMOS and PMOS	p. 98
Complementary MOS (CMOS)	p. 98
Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL)	p. 98
Scaling of Digital Circuit Packages	p. 99
Representation of Numbers and Numerals	p. 99
Nibble	p. 99
Byte	p. 100
Word	p. 100
Negative Numbers	p. 100
Floating Point	p. 100
Compare	p. 101
Jump	p. 101
Errors in Digital Systems	p. 102
Error Detection and Correction	p. 102
Error Concealment	p. 103
References	p. 104
Bibliography	p. 104
Chapter 4 Systems Engineering	p. 105
Introduction	p. 105
The System Engineer	p. 105
Outside Engineering Contractor	p. 106
Design Development	p. 107
Level of Detail	p. 108
Management Support	p. 109
The Project Team	p. 110
Executive Management	p. 110
Project Manager	p. 111
Engineering Manager	p. 114
System Engineer	p. 114
Budget Requirements Analysis	p. 116
Feasibility Study and Technology Assessment	p. 117
Project Tracking and Control	p. 117
Change Order	p. 118
Electronic System Design	p. 119
Developing a Flow Diagram	p. 120
Estimating Cable Lengths	p. 120
Signal Timing Considerations	p. 121
Cable Loss and Equalization	p. 123
Facility Design	p. 123
Preliminary Space Planning	p. 123
Design Models and Mockups	p. 125
Construction Considerations	p. 126
Component Selection and Installation	p. 127
Technical Documentation	p. 128
Documentation Tracking	p. 129
Symbols	p. 129
Cross-Referencing Documentation	p. 130
Specifications	p. 131
Working with the Contractors	p. 131
Computer-Based Tools	p. 131
Professional Association Directory	p. 132
Bibliography	p. 135
Chapter 5 Facility Construction Issues	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Facility Grounding	p. 137
Planning the Ground System	p. 137
Establishing an Earth Ground	p. 138
Grounding Interface	p. 138
Soil Resistivity	p. 141
Chemical Ground Rods	p. 141
Ufer Ground System	p. 145
Bonding Ground-System Elements	p. 147
Cadwelding	p. 148
Ground-System Inductance	p. 148
Designing a Building Ground System	p. 149
Bulkhead Panel	p. 152
Bulkhead Grounding	p. 154
Checklist for Proper Grounding	p. 156
AC Power Distribution and Control	p. 156
Utility Service Entrance	p. 160
Fault Tolerance as a Design Objective	p. 163
Critical System Bus	p. 164
Power Distribution Options	p. 166
Plant Configuration	p. 166
Equipment Rack Enclosures and Devices	p. 169
Industry Standard Equipment Enclosures	p. 169
Types of Rack Enclosures	p. 171
Rack Configuration Options	p. 176
Selecting an Equipment Rack	p. 178
Equipment Rack Layout	p. 178
Cooling Considerations	p. 179
Single-Point Ground	p. 180
Technical Ground System	p. 181
Grounding Conductor Size	p. 186
Power-Center Grounding	p. 187
Isolation Transformers	p. 187
Grounding Equipment Racks	p. 189
Computer Floors	p. 192
Equipment Cooling	p. 195
Heat Transfer Mechanisms	p. 196
Conduction	p. 196
Convection	p. 197
Radiation	p. 197
The Physics of Boiling Water	p. 198
Application of Cooling Principles	p. 200
Forced-Air Cooling Systems	p. 200
Air-Handling System	p. 201
Air Cooling System Design	p. 203
Case 1	p. 204
Case 2	p. 204
Case 3	p. 206
Site Design Guidelines	p. 206
Closed Site Design	p. 207
Open Site Design	p. 208
Hybrid Design	p. 210
References	p. 211
Bibliography	p. 212
Chapter 6 Wiring Practices	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Electrical Properties of Conductors	p. 214
Effects of Inductance	p. 215
Coaxial Cable	p. 215
Operating Principles	p. 216
Selecting Coaxial Cable	p. 217
Cable Characteristics	p. 217
Shield	p. 218
Signal Loss	p. 219
Cable Jacket	p. 220
Cable-Rating Standards	p. 220
Installing Coaxial Cable	p. 221
Installation Considerations	p. 223
Equipment Interconnection Issues	p. 224
Active-Balanced Input Circuit	p. 224
Active-Balanced Output Circuit	p. 227
Analyzing Noise Currents	p. 228
Grounding Signal-Carrying Cables	p. 230
Types of Noise	p. 230
Electrostatic Noise	p. 231
Electromagnetic Noise	p. 232
Skin Effect	p. 233
Patch-Bay Grounding	p. 235
Video Patch Panel	p. 236
Computer Networks	p. 237
Physical Layer	p. 238
Installation Considerations	p. 239
Data Link Layer	p. 239
Installation Considerations	p. 240
Network Layer	p. 240
Installation Considerations	p. 240
Transport Layer	p. 241
Installation Considerations	p. 241
Session Layer	p. 241
Installation Considerations	p. 241
Presentation Layer	p. 242
Installation Considerations	p. 242
Application Layer	p. 242
Installation Considerations	p. 242
Transmission System Options	p. 242
System Design Alternatives	p. 243
Frequency Division Multiplexing	p. 243
Time Division Multiplexing	p. 243
Wave(length) Division Multiplexing	p. 244
Selecting Cable for Digital Signals	p. 244
Data Patch Panel	p. 245
Optical Cable	p. 247
Types of Fibers	p. 247
Step Index Multi-mode Fiber	p. 247
Step Index Single (Mono)-Mode Fiber	p. 248
Graded Index Multi-mode Fiber	p. 248
Characteristics of Attenuation	p. 249
Types of Cable	p. 250
Breakout Design	p. 250
MFPT, Central Loose Tube Design	p. 251
MFPT, Stranded Loose Tube Design	p. 251
SFPT, Stranded Loose Tube Design	p. 251
Star, or Slotted Core, Design	p. 252
Tight Tube, or Stuffed, Design	p. 253
Application Considerations	p. 253
Specifying Fiber-Optic Cable	p. 254
Installation Specifications	p. 255
Environmental Specifications	p. 257
Cabling Hardware	p. 257
Cable Ties	p. 258
Braided Sleeving	p. 259
Cable Identification and Marking	p. 261
Wire Markers	p. 261
Wrap-Around Adhesive Tape Wire Markers	p. 262
Write-On Cable Ties	p. 262
Cable Connectors	p. 262
BNC Connector	p. 262
Dual Crimp-Type Connectors	p. 263
Screw-Type Connector	p. 263
Twisted Pair Connectors	p. 265
Audio Connectors	p. 265
Data Connectors	p. 265
Terminal Blocks	p. 266
Fiber Optic Connectors	p. 267
Connector Properties	p. 269
Performance Considerations	p. 271
Bibliography	p. 271
Chapter 7 System Reliability	p. 273
Introduction	p. 273
Terminology	p. 273
Quality Assurance	p. 275
Inspection Process	p. 276
Reliability Evaluation	p. 276
Parts-Count Method	p. 277
Stress-Analysis Method	p. 277
Failure Analysis	p. 277
Standardization	p. 279
Reliability Analysis	p. 280
Statistical Reliability	p. 280
Roller-Coaster Hazard Rate	p. 282
Environmental Stress Screening	p. 283
Latent Defects	p. 287
Operating Environment	p. 289
Failure Modes	p. 289
Maintenance Considerations	p. 290
Common-Mode Failure	p. 290
Spare Parts	p. 291
ISO 9000 Series	p. 291
Disaster Preparedness Issues	p. 291
Emergency Situations	p. 291
The Planning Process	p. 292
Identifying Realistic Risks	p. 293
Alternate Sites	p. 294
Standby Power Options	p. 294
Batteries	p. 299
Plan Ahead	p. 300
References	p. 300
Bibliography	p. 300
Chapter 8 Safety Considerations	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Facility Safety Equipment	p. 301
A Systems Approach to Safety	p. 304
Electric Shock	p. 304
Effects on the Human Body	p. 305
Circuit Protection Hardware	p. 306
Three-Phase Systems	p. 307
Working with High Voltage	p. 310
RF Considerations	p. 311
First Aid Procedures	p. 312
Operating Hazards	p. 312
OSHA Safety Considerations	p. 314
Protective Covers	p. 314
Identification and Marking	p. 315
Extension Cords	p. 316
Grounding	p. 316
Beryllium Oxide Ceramics	p. 318
Corrosive and Poisonous Compounds	p. 318
FC-75 Toxic Vapor	p. 319
Nonionizing Radiation	p. 319
NEPA Mandate	p. 320
Revised Guidelines	p. 321
Multiple-User Sites	p. 322
Operator Safety Considerations	p. 322
X-Ray Radiation Hazard	p. 323
Implosion Hazard	p. 323
Hot Coolant and Surfaces	p. 323
Polychlorinated Biphenyls	p. 323
Governmental Action	p. 325
PCB Components	p. 325
PCB Liability Management	p. 327
Management Responsibility	p. 328
References	p. 329
Bibliography	p. 329
Chapter 9 Dictionary	p. 331
Chapter 10 Reference Data and Tables	p. 391
Standard Units	p. 391
Standard Prefixes	p. 392
Common Standard Units	p. 393
Conversion Reference Data	p. 394
Reference Tables	p. 414
International Standards and Constants	p. 425
Resistive Properties	p. 433
Dielectrics and Semiconductors	p. 443
Magnetic Properties	p. 447
Properties of Selected Materials	p. 451
References	p. 454
Index	p. 455

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