Advances in sensing with security applications

The chapters in this volume were presented at the July 2005NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advances in Sensing with Security App- cations. The conference was held at the beautiful Il Ciocco resort near Lucca, in the glorious Tuscany region of northern Italy. Once again we gathered at this idyllic spot to explore and extend the reciprocity between mathematics and engineering. The dynamic interaction - tween world-renowned scientists from the usually disparate communities of pure mathematicians and applied scientists which occurred at our six previous ASI's continued at this meeting. The fusion of basic ideas in mathematics, biology, and chemistry with ongoing improvements in hardware and computation o?ers the promise of much more sophisticated and accurate sensing capabilities than c- rently exist. Coupled with the dramatic rise in the need for surveillance in innumerable aspects of our daily lives, brought about by hostile acts deemed unimaginable only a few short years ago, the time was right for scientists in the diverse areas of sensing and security to join together in a concerted e?ort to combat the new brands of terrorism. This ASI was one important initial step. To encompass the diverse nature of the s- ject and the varied backgrounds of the anticipated participants, the ASI was divided into three broadly de?ned but interrelated areas: the - creasing need for fast and accurate sensing, the scienti?c underpinnings of the ongoing revolution in sensing, and speci?c sensing algorithms and techniques. The ASI brought together world leaders from academia, government, andindustry,withextensivemultidisciplinarybackgroundsevidencedby theirresearchandparticipationinnumerousworkshopsandconferences.

Preface

Acknowledgments

Bistatic and multistatic radar sensors for homeland securityG.J. Baker and H.D. Griffiths

1 Introduction

2 Definitions

3 Bistatic essentials

4 Passive Coherent Location (PCL)

5 Multistatic radar

6 Conclusions

7 Acknowledgments

References.-The Terrorist Threat and Its Implications for Sensor TechnologiesJ.L. Brower

1 Introduction

2 What is Terrorism?

3 General Trends in Terrorism

4 Significant Domestic Threats

5 State Sponsored Terrorism

6 Future Threats

7 Preventions Efforts: The Role of Sensors

8 Improving Sensors

9 Conclusions. References.-Advances in sensors; the lessons from NeurosciencesM. Costa

1 Energies that affect earth living organisms'' survival

2 The emergence of a nervous system

3 Neurons as excitable cells

4 Sensory neurons

5 Sensory transduction

6 Molecules of sensory transduction

7 Hearing system and mechanosensation

8 Temperature receptors

9 Pain receptors

10 Olfaction

11 Vision

12 General view of the sensory systems

References.-Chemical sensors and chemical sensor systemsA. Orsini and A. D''Amico

1 Introduction''Parameters

2 Fundamentals Devices

3 Thermopiles

4 Kelvin Probe

5 Bulk Acoustic Waves

6 Surface Acoustic Waves

7 Natural and Artificial Olfaction

8 Optical Fibre Sensor

9 Surface Plasmon Resonance

10 Conclusions

References

Wireless Sensor Networks for Security: Issues and ChallengesT. Onel, et al

1 Introduction

2 Neyman-Pearson Detection

3 Breach Probability Analysis [30]

4 Data Processing Architecture for Target Tracking

5 Maximum Mutual Information Based Sensor Selection Algorithm

6 Simulation Results

7 Conclusion

References.-Internet-Scale Chemical SensingD. Diamond

1 Introduction

2 Chemical Sensing and Biosensing

3 Miniaturised Analytical Instruments '' Lab on a Chip Devices

4 Analytical Device Hierarchy

5 Networking Options

6 Integrating Chemical Sensors and Biosensors with Wireless Networks

7 Scale-up Issues for Densely Distributed Analytical Devices

8 Chemo- & Bio-warfare Agents

9 Sensor communities and group behaviour

10 pHealth

11 Conclusions. References.-Data analysis for chemical sensor arraysC. Di Natale et al

1 Feature extraction

2 Data Pre''processing: Scaling

3 Normalization

4 Multivariate data exploration

5 Principal Component Analysis

6 Supervised Classification

7 Linear Discrimination

8 Application to the investigation of Chemical Sensors properties

9 Conclusions

References.- Fundamentals of Tomography and RadarH.D. Griffiths and C.J. Baker

1 Introduction

2 Imaging and Resolution

3 Tomographic Imaging

4 The Projection Slice Theorem

5 Tomography of Moving Targets

6 Applications

7 Automatic Target Recognition

8 Bandwidth Extrapolation

9 Target-matched Illumination

10 Conclusion

11 Acknowledgements]

References.- Remote Sensing using Space Based RadarB. Himed, et al

1 Introduction

2 Geometry

3 Range Foldover and Earth''s Rotation

4 Application of STAP for SBR

5 Orthogonal Pulsing Scheme. References.- Continuous wave radars''monostatic, multistatic and networkK. Kulpa

1 Introduction

2 Radar fundamentals

3 Linear Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar

4 Noise Radar

5 Noise radar range equation

6 Bi-static and multi-static continuous wave radars

7 Target identification in continuous wave radars

References.-Terahertz Imaging, Millimeter-Wave RadarR.W. McMillan

1 Introduction

2 Atmospheric Limitations

3 Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Sources of Radiation

4 Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Detectors and Receivers

5 Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Optics

6 Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Systems

7 Summary. References.-Sensor Management for Radar: A TutorialB. Moran et al

1 Introduction

2 Radar Fundamentals

3 Sensor Management Overview

4 Theory of Waveform Libraries

5 Sensor scheduling simulations and results. References.- Waveform Design, Range CFAR a

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