Earth anchors

Anchors are primarily used in the construction of foundations of earth-supported and earth-retaining structures. The fundamental reason for using earth anchors in construction is to transmit the outwardly directed load to the soil at a greater depth and/or farther away from the structure. Although earth anchors have been used in practice for several hundred years, proper theoretical developments for purposes of modern engineering designs have taken place only during the past 40 to 45 years. This geotechnical engineering book summarizes most theoretical and experimental works directed toward the development of proper relationships for ultimate and allowable holding capacity of earth anchors.

Author Notes

Dr. Braja M. Dasserved as Dean of the College of Engineering and Computer Science at California State University, Sacramento from 1994 to 2006. Prior to 1994, he was Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs and Research at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Illinois. The author of more than 250 technical papers, his primary areas of research include shallow foundations, earth anchors, and geosynthetics. Dr. Das received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and has most recently edited Geotechnical Engineering Handbook (2010) and co-authored Geotechnical Engineering (2010).Dr. Sanjay Kumar Shukla is the Program Leader of the Discipline of Civil Engineering at Edith Cowan University in Australia. He has more than 20 years of teaching, research, and consultancy experience in the field of geotechnical engineering and geosynthetics. He has authored over 100 research papers and technical articles including 72 refereed journal publications. Sanjay is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (Australia) and a Life Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India) and the Indian Geotechnical Society.

Preface	p. ix
The Authors	p. xi
Chapter 1 Earth Anchors: General	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Plate Anchors	p. 3
1.3 Direct Embedment Anchors	p. 4
1.4 Helical Anchors	p. 4
1.5 Grouted Anchors	p. 7
1.6 Anchor Piles and Drilled Shafts	p. 10
1.7 Suction Caisson and Drag Anchors	p. 12
1.8 Geo-Anchors	p. 12
1.9 Coverage of the Text	p. 13
1.10 Summary of Main Points	p. 14
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 15
References	p. 17
Chapter 2 Horizontal Plate Anchors in Sand	p. 19
2.1 Introduction	p. 19
2.2 Early Theories	p. 21
2.2.1 Soil Cone Method	p. 21
2.2.2 Friction Cylinder Method	p. 23
2.3 Balla's Theory	p. 25
2.4 Baker and Kondner's Empirical Relationship	p. 27
2.5 Mariupol' skii's Theory	p. 29
2.6 Meyerhof and Adams's Theory	p. 31
2.7 Veesaert and Clemence's Theory	p. 42
2.8 Vesic's Theory	p. 45
2.9 Saeedy's Theory	p. 48
2.10 Discussion of Various Theories	p. 52
2.11 Load-Displacement Relationship	p. 57
2.12 Anchors Subjected to Repeated Loading	p. 62
2.13 Uplift Capacity of Shallow Group Anchors	p. 65
2.14 Spread Foundations under Uplift	p. 69
2.15 Inclined Load Resistance of Horizontal Plate Anchors	p. 71
2.16 Other Studies	p. 74
2.17 Summary of Main Points	p. 75
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 77
References	p. 79
Chapter 3 Horizontal Plate Anchors in Clay	p. 81
3.1 Introduction	p. 81
3.2 Vesic's Theory	p. 82
3.3 Meyerhof's Theory	p. 84
3.4 Das's Theory	p. 85
3.5 Three-Dimensional Lower Bound Solution	p. 93
3.6 Factor of Safety	p. 96
3.7 Uplift Capacity of Anchors in Layered Soil	p. 96
3.8 Other Studies	p. 99
3.9 Summary of Main Points	p. 101
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 102
References	p. 103
Chapter 4 Vertical Plate Anchors	p. 105
4.1 Introduction	p. 105
4.2 Anchors in Sand	p. 108
4.2.1 Ultimate Holding Capacity from Rankine's Theory	p. 108
4.2.2 Analysis of Ovesen and Stromann	p. 112
4.2.3 Analysis of Meyerhof	p. 122
4.2.4 Analysis of Biarez et al.	p. 124
4.2.5 Analysis of Neely et al.	p. 125
4.2.6 Nature of Passive Pressure Distribution in Front of a Shallow Vertical Anchor	p. 132
4.2.7 Deep Vertical Anchor	p. 134
4.2.8 Load-Displacement Relationship	p. 138
4.2.9 Design Considerations	p. 141
4.2.10 Effect of Anchor Inclination	p. 149
4.3 Anchors in Clay (Undrained Cohesion, ¿ = 0)	p. 150
4.3.1 Ultimate Holding Capacity	p. 150
4.3.2 Step-by-Step Procedure for Estimation of Ultimate Load	p. 157
4.3.3 Limitations of the Existing Study	p. 160
4.4 Other Studies	p. 160
4.5 Summary of Main Points	p. 161
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 162
References	p. 164
Chapter 5 Inclined Plate Anchors	p. 167
5.1 Introduction	p. 167
5.2 Inclined Plate Anchors in Sand	p. 168
5.2.1 Inclined Anchors: Axisymmetric Case (Analysis of Harvey and Burley)	p. 168
5.2.2 Meyerhof's Procedure	p. 172
5.2.3 Analysis of Hanna et al.	p. 180
5.2.4 Other Empirical Relationships	p. 189
5.2.5 General Remarks	p. 194
5.3 Inclined Plate Anchors in Clay (¿ = 0 Condition)	p. 196
5.3.1 Ultimate Holding Capacity	p. 196
5.4 Other Studies	p. 204
5.5 Summary of Main Points	p. 205
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 205
References	p. 206
Chapter 6 Helical Anchors in Sand	p. 209
6.1 Introduction	p. 209
6.2 Single-Helix (Screw) Anchors	p. 210
6.2.1 Ultimate Holding Capacity of Single-Helix (Screw) Anchors	p. 210
6.2.2 Holding Capacity of Group of Single-Helix (Screw) Anchors	p. 220
6.3 Multi-Helix Anchors	p. 221
6.3.1 Geometric Parameters and Failure Mode	p. 221
6.3.2 Net Ultimate Uplift Capacity for Shallow Anchor Condition	p. 224
6.3.3 Net Ultimate Uplift Capacity for Deep Anchor Condition	p. 234
6.4 Interference of Closely Spaced Anchors	p. 236
6.5 Other Studies	p. 237
6.6 Summary of Main Points	p. 237
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 238
References	p. 239
Chapter 7 Helical Anchors in Clay	p. 241
7.1 Introduction	p. 241
7.2 Failure Mode	p. 241
7.3 Net Ultimate Uplift Capacity	p. 243
7.4 Numerical Modeling Solution	p. 248
7.5 Use of In Situ Tests to Predict Uplift Performance	p. 250
7.6 Other Studies	p. 250
7.7 Summary of Main Points	p. 251
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 251
References	p. 252
Chapter 8 Anchor Piles	p. 253
8.1 Introduction	p. 253
8.2 Piles in Sand	p. 255
8.2.1 Bored Piles	p. 255
8.2.2 Driven Piles	p. 265
8.2.3 Uplift Capacity of Inclined Piles Subjected to Axial Pull	p. 268
8.2.4 Uplift Capacity of Rigid Vertical Piles under Oblique Pull	p. 276
8.2.5 Uplift Capacity of Group Piles	p. 283
8.2.6 Factor of Safety	p. 284
8.3 Piles in Clay (¿ = 0 Condition)	p. 286
8.3.1 Vertical Piles Subjected to Axial Pull	p. 286
8.3.2 Load-Displacement Relationship for Vertical Piles Subjected to Axial Uplift	p. 290
8.3.3 Inclined Pile Subjected to Axial Pull	p. 292
8.3.4 Uplift Capacity of Vertical Pile Subjected to Inclined Pull	p. 293
8.3.5 Uplift Capacity of Group Piles in Clay	p. 294
8.4 Summary of Main Points	p. 297
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 299
References	p. 300
Chapter 9 Suction Caisson and Drag Anchors	p. 301
9.1 Introduction	p. 301
9.2 Suction Caisson Anchors	p. 301
9.3 Drag Anchors	p. 306
9.4 Summary of Main Points	p. 310
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 311
References	p. 312
Chapter 10 Geo-Anchors	p. 313
10.1 Introduction	p. 313
10.2 Geotextile-Wrapped Anchors	p. 313
10.3 Trench Anchors	p. 318
10.4 Summary of Main Points	p. 324
Self-Assessment Questions	p. 324
References	p. 325
Index	p. 327

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