Networked environments for stakeholder participation in water resources and flood management

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Board of Doctorates of Delft University of Technology and the Academic Board of the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education for the degree of doctor to be defended in public on Tuesday, 18 March, 2014 at 10.00 hours in Delft, The Netherlands.

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Summary

Stakeholders' lack of awareness, involvement and participation in the planning and management of water resources and flood risk often creates problems in the acceptance and implementation of proposed measures. Interactions among stakeholders and decision makers build awareness, trust, enhance cooperation and negotiation for best possible measures.
The main challenge in stakeholder participation is maintaining the participatory process. Stakeholders' spatial distribution, limitation of financial resources and diverse stakeholders' interest (even opposed) are some of the hindrances in maintaining the participatory process.
Addressing these challenges and hindrances, this research developed and implemented three frameworks for developing "Networked Environments for Stakeholder Participation" (NESPs). Networked environments are web-based computer-aided or mobile environments for remote virtual interaction between participating entities such as stakeholders. NESPs are envisioned to enable stakeholder participation by providing sharing of information, planning, negotiating and decision support. NESPs were implemented in five real case studies (1) Lakes of Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands, (2) Danube river (Braila-Isaccea section), Romania, (3) Somes Mare catchment, Romania, (4) Cranbrook catchment, London and (5) Alster catchment, Hamburg, Germany.
The overall results of the research show that networked environments can address the challenges and hindrances in stakeholder participation and enhance participation in water resources and flood management.

Author Notes

Adrian Delos Santos Almoradie (1981, Masbate, Philippines). BSc.nbsp;Civil Engineering (2003),nbsp;University of San Carlos - Technological Center (Cebu City),. he worked as a nbsp;Hydrological engineer in the Water Resources Center (WRC) of University of San Carlos for 2 years. In 2006 he enrolled in thenbsp;MSc programme at UNESCO-IHE, Delft the Netherlands.nbsp;In 2008nbsp;he obtained a MSc degree in Water Science and Engineering -Hydroinformatics specialization.
He worked for a year in a special program of the Hydroinformatics chair group at UNESCO-IHE, before starting his PhD in 2009. His PhD task included co-supervision of MSc students during their thesis and some lecturing or seminars. During his MSc and PhD studies, he expanded his research interest on flood risk and water resources management, stakeholder participation, multi-criteria analysis, decision support systems, hydrology-hydrometry, hydrological (surface and groundwater) and flood modelling, uncertainty analysis, GIS, web-based GIS, Spatial and Temporal Data Infrastructure (STDI), database management system and development of web-based computer and mobile applications for water resources management.
Currently he is working as a Post-Doc with the Water Profile- Water resources management and Eco-Hydrology group of Prof. Mariele Evers in the Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Germany.

Summary	p. vii
Chapter 1 General Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Background	p. 1
1.2 Water resources and flood management in EU and non-EU countries	p. 3
1.3 Importance of stakeholder participation	p. 4
1.4 Towards a Networked Environment for Stakeholder Participation (NESP)	p. 4
1.5 Objective of this research	p. 6
1.6 Outline of the thesis	p. 7
Chapter 2 Stakeholder Participation and Its Relevance to Water Resources and Flood Management	p. 9
2.1 Introduction	p. 9
2.2 Objectives, benefits and potential pitfalls in stakeholder participation	p. 10
2.3 Types of participation	p. 11
2.3.1 Information and knowledge sharing	p. 12
2.3.2 Consultative participation	p. 12
2.3.3 Collaborative decision making	p. 13
2.4 Participatory process	p. 13
2.5 Lessons learned in stakeholder participation	p. 14
2.6 Information dissemination and participation in a Networked Environment (NE)	p. 16
2.6.1 Information dissemination in a NE	p. 16
2.6.2 Participation in a NE	p. 17
2.7 Concluding remarks	p. 20
Chapter 3 Case Studies Description	p. 23
3.1 Noord-Brabant lakes, the Netherlands	p. 24
3.2 Danube river (Braila-Isaccea section), Romania	p. 27
3.3 Somes Mare catchment, Romania	p. 29
3.4 Cranbrook catchment, London, United Kingdom	p. 31
3.5 Alster catchment, Hamburg, Germany	p. 33
3.6 Concluding remarks	p. 34
Chapter 4 NESP Conceptual Frameworks	p. 37
4.1 Introduction	p. 37
4.2 Conceptual frameworks	p. 38
4.2.1 NESP-IKS (Information and Knowledge Sharing)	p. 38
4.2.2 NESP-CP (Consultative Participation)	p. 40
4.2.3 NESP-CDM (Collaborative Decision Making)	p. 41
4.3 Adaptation of the framework to different cases	p. 44
4.4 Concluding remarks	p. 46
Chapter 5 NESP Information Technologies	p. 47
5.1 Introduction	p. 47
5.2 Review of technologies for NESP	p. 48
5.2.1 Web based technologies	p. 48
5.2.2 Mobile technologies	p. 49
5.2.3 Spatial Data Infrastructure and Water Mark-up Language (WaterML) 2.0	p. 52
5.2.4 Other technologies	p. 53
5.3 Criteria for selection of technology	p. 54
5.4 Concluding remarks	p. 54
Chapter 6 Design of NESP and Software Implementation	p. 57
6.1 Introduction	p. 57
6.2 NESP-TKS: Noord Brabant lakes	p. 58
6.2.1 Generic conceptual and final design	p. 58
6.2.2 Implemented design of the Noord-Brabant Water Quality platform	p. 63
6.3 NESP-CP: Danube river and Somes Mare catchment	p. 65
6.3.1 Generic conceptual and final design	p. 65
6.3.2 Implemented design of the Somes Mare NESP flood platform	p. 72
6.3.3 Implemented design of the Danube NESP flood platform	p. 74
6.4 NESP-CDM: Cranbrook and Alster catchment	p. 76
6.4.1 Generic conceptual and final design	p. 76
6.4.2 Implemented design	p. 80
6.5 Concluding remarks	p. 82
Chapter 7 Deployment and Evaluation of NESPS	p. 85
7.1 Deployment methods	p. 85
7.2 Evaluation methods	p. 85
7.3 NESP-IKS: Noord Brabant lakes	p. 86
7.3.1 Deployment	p. 87
7.3.2 Stakeholders evaluation	p. 95
7.4 NESP-CP 1: Somes Marc catchment	p. 97
7.4.1 Deployment	p. 97
7.4.2 Stakeholder evaluation	p. 105
7.5 NESP-CP 2: Danube river (Braila-Isaccea section)	p. 106
7.5.1 Deployment	p. 106
7.5.2 Stakeholder evaluation (Danube and Somes Mare)	p. 112
7.6 NESP-CDM 1: Cranbrook catchment	p. 115
7.6.1 Deployment	p. 116
7.6.2 Stakeholder evaluation	p. 127
7.7 NESP- CDM 2: Alster catchment	p. 127
7.7.1 Deployment	p. 128
7.7.2 Stakeholder evaluation (Alster and Cranbrook catchment)	p. 136
7.8 Concluding remarks	p. 138
7.8.1 NESP-IKS	p. 138
7.8.2 NESP-CP	p. 139
7.8.3 NESP-CDM	p. 140
Chapter 8 Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 143
8.1 Conclusions	p. 143
8.1.1 General conclusion	p. 143
8.1.2 NESP-TKS	p. 145
8.1.3 NESP-CP	p. 145
8.1.4 NESP-CDM	p. 146
8.1.5 Judgement engine: TOPSIS method	p. 146
8.1.6 Model uncertainty	p. 147
8.1.7 NESP information technologies	p. 147
8.2 Recommendations and future work	p. 148
8.2.1 Methods	p. 148
Multi criteria decision methods	p. 148
Uncertainty analysis	p. 148
Game theory	p. 149
8.2.2 Web-based implementation of water related applications	p. 149
Semi-distributed Conceptual Models	p. 149
Flood Forecasting System	p. 149
Data Driven Models	p. 149
8.2.3 Group Visualisation Techniques	p. 150
Abbreviations	p. 151
References	p. 153
Samenvatting	p. 161
Acknowledgement	p. 165
About the Author	p. 167

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