Light and light sources : high-intensity discharge lamps

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Title:

Personal Author:

Flesch, P. (Peter)

Publication Information:

Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 2006

ISBN:

9783540326847

Subject Term:

Electric lamps

Light sources

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010106437	TK4310 F53 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This book gives an introduction to the working principles of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps and points out challenges and problems associated with the development and operation of HID lamps. It is the most comprehensive book on gas discharge lamps, on the physical basics and realization. The state-of-the-art in electrode and plasma diagnostics as well as numerical methods used for the understanding of HID lamps are described.

Introduction	p. 1
1 Light and Light Sources	p. 3
1.1 The Human Eye	p. 3
1.1.1 Rods and Cones and More	p. 4
1.1.2 Color Space	p. 8
1.1.3 Mixing Colors	p. 10
1.2 Photometric Characteristics of Light Sources	p. 11
1.2.1 Luminous Flux	p. 12
1.2.2 Luminous Efficacy	p. 13
1.2.3 Luminous Intensity	p. 13
1.2.4 Illuminance	p. 14
1.2.5 Color Rendering Index	p. 14
1.2.6 Correlated Color Temperature	p. 15
1.3 Light Sources	p. 16
1.3.1 Sun	p. 17
1.3.2 Incandescent Lamp	p. 18
1.3.3 Gas Discharge Lamps	p. 22
1.3.4 Fluorescent Lamp	p. 29
1.3.5 Low-Pressure Sodium Lamp	p. 33
1.3.6 High-Pressure Mercury Lamp	p. 37
1.3.7 High-Pressure Sodium Lamp	p. 41
1.3.8 Metal Halide Lamp	p. 45
1.3.9 Other Discharge Lamps	p. 50
2 Plasma and Electrode Physics	p. 51
2.1 Gas Laws	p. 51
2.1.1 Boltzmann Distribution	p. 51
2.1.2 Population Density of Excited Atoms	p. 52
2.1.3 Maxwell Velocity Distribution	p. 53
2.1.4 Temperature	p. 56
2.1.5 Pressure or Ideal Gas Law	p. 57
2.1.6 Collision Frequency and Mean Free Path	p. 58
2.1.7 Thermal Equilibrium	p. 59
2.1.8 Local Thermal Equilibrium	p. 60
2.2 Plasma Properties	p. 62
2.2.1 Evaporation and Partial Pressure	p. 62
2.2.2 Saha Equation	p. 62
2.2.3 Plasma Radiation	p. 65
2.3 Transport Coefficients	p. 76
2.3.1 Diffusion	p. 77
2.3.2 Electrical Conductivity	p. 79
2.3.3 Thermal Conductivity	p. 82
2.3.4 Radiative Energy Transport	p. 84
2.4 Electrode Properties	p. 89
2.4.1 Thermal Conductivity of Tungsten	p. 89
2.4.2 Mass Density and Specific Heat of Tungsten	p. 91
2.4.3 Black Body Radiation	p. 91
2.4.4 Electron Emission	p. 96
3 Experimental Investigations	p. 105
3.1 Electrode Diagnostics	p. 106
3.1.1 Electrode Pyrometry	p. 108
3.1.2 Bolometer	p. 109
3.1.3 1-¿ Pyrometry	p. 109
3.1.4 Examples of 1-¿ Pyrometry	p. 114
3.1.5 2-¿ Pyrometry	p. 118
3.1.6 Pyrometry with Plasma Correction	p. 119
3.1.7 Example of (2+1)-¿ Pyrometry	p. 126
3.1.8 More Pyrometry	p. 138
3.1.9 Calorimetric Measurements on Electrodes	p. 138
3.1.10 External Laser Heating of Electrodes	p. 143
3.1.11 In Situ Laser Diagnostics of Work Function	p. 145
3.1.12 Monolayer of Sodium on Cathode	p. 147
3.1.13 Deformation of Electrodes	p. 148
3.2 Plasma Diagnostics	p. 152
3.2.1 Emission Spectroscopy	p. 152
3.2.2 Electrode Fall Voltage and Electric Field of Column	p. 156
3.2.3 Plasma Potential	p. 161
3.2.4 Determination of Lamp Pressure	p. 166
4 Numerical Simulations	p. 169
4.1 Modeling of Electrodes	p. 170
4.1.1 Cathode Sheath Model	p. 171
4.1.2 Examples of Electrode Models	p. 175
4.1.3 Cathode and Anode	p. 179
4.2 Plasma Models	p. 184
4.2.1 Description of the Plasma	p. 184
4.2.2 Example of a Plasma Column Model	p. 189
4.2.3 Example of a Plasma Model Including Convection	p. 193
4.3 Extended models	p. 198
4.4 A Self-Consistent Electrode-Plasma Model	p. 200
4.4.1 Model Equations and Boundary Conditions	p. 202
4.4.2 Numerical Procedure	p. 220
4.4.3 Comparing Different Cathode Models	p. 226
4.4.4 Different Electrode Shapes	p. 238
4.4.5 External Laser Heating of Electrodes	p. 256
4.4.6 D2 Automotive Headlight Lamp	p. 278
4.4.7 Mass, Pressure, and Electrode Gap	p. 298
4.4.8 Spot-Diffuse Transition and Time-Dependent Behavior	p. 311
4.4.9 Summary: Self-Consistent Electrode-Plasma Model	p. 320
Summary	p. 325
Bibliography	p. 329
Index	p. 339

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