Smart grid : applications, communications, and security

For many, smart grids are the biggest technological revolution since the Internet. They have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, increase the reliability of electricity supply, and increase the efficiency of our energy infrastructure.

Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security explains how diverse technologies play hand-in-hand in building and maintaining smart grids around the globe. The book delves into the communication aspects of smart grids, provides incredible insight into power electronics, sensing, monitoring, and control technologies, and points out the potential for new technologies and markets.

Extensively cross-referenced, the book contains comprehensive coverage in four major parts:

Part I: Applications provides a detailed introduction to smart grid applications--spanning the transmission, distribution, and consumer side of the electricity grid Part II: Communications discusses wireless, wireline, and optical communication solutions--from the physical layers up to sensing, automation, and control protocols running on the application layers Part III: Security deals with cyber security--sharpening the awareness of security threats, reviewing the ongoing standardization, and outlining the future of authentication and encryption key management Part IV: Case Studies and Field Trials presents self-contained chapters of studies where the smart grid of tomorrow has already been put into practice With contributions from major industry stakeholders such as Siemens, Cisco, ABB, and Motorola, this is the ideal book for both engineering professionals and students.

Author Notes

LARS TORSTEN BERGER, P H D, is founder of BreezeSolve, a Valencia-based company offering engineering and consultant services in telecommunications, signal processing, and smart grid. He is currently also directing the R&D Department of Kenus Informática, Paterna, Spain. In his career, Dr. Berger has worked for Daimler-Benz Aerospace, Nortel Networks, Nokia Networks, as well as DS2, and has held faculty positions at Aalborg University, Denmark, and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.

KRZYSZTOF (KRIS) INIEWSKI, P H D, is managing R&D at Redlen Technologies Inc., a start-up company in Vancouver, Canada. Redlen's revolutionary production process for advanced semiconductor materials enables a new generation of more accurate, all-digital, radiation-based imaging solutions. Dr. Iniewski is also Executive Director of CMOS Emerging Technologies. In his career, Dr. Iniewski has held numerous faculty and management positions at the University of Toronto, University of Alberta, SFU, and PMC-Sierra Inc. He has published over 100 research papers in international journals and conferences, holds eighteen international patents, and has written and edited several books.

Xiaoming Feng and James Stoupis and Salman Mohagheghi and Mats LarssonNigel Fitzpatrick and Alec TsangHamed Mohsenian-Rad and Alberto Leon-GarciaWilsun XuWenbo Shi and Vincent W. S. WongJuan José García Fernández and Lars Torsten Berger and Ana García Armada and María Julia Fernández-Getino García and Víctor P. Gil Jiménez and Troels B. SørensenLars Torsten BergerKris IniewskiKris IniewskiWolfgang MahnkePedro Marín FernandesSteffen Fries and Hans-Joachim HofAnthony MetkeAngeliki M. Sarafi and Athanasios E. Drougas and Petros I. Papaioannou and Panayotis G. CottisPeter Bach Andersen and Einar Bragi Hauksson and Anders Bro Pedersen and Dieter Gantenbein and Bernhard Jansen and Claus Amtrup Andersen and Jacob DallWenyuan Li and Paul Choudhury and Jun SunMats LarssonSteffen Fries and Hans-Joachim Hof

Preface	p. xv
Contributors	p. xvii
Part I Applications
1 Introduction to Smart Grid Applications	p. 3
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.2 Voltage and Var Control and Optimization	p. 5
1.3 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration (FDIR)	p. 14
1.4 Demand Response (DR)	p. 21
1.5 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)	p. 25
1.6 Wide-Area Monitoring, Control, and Protection (WAMCP)	p. 28
2 Electric Vehicles as a Driver for Smart Grids	p. 49
2.1 Introduction	p. 49
2.2 Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Hybrids	p. 50
2.3 Hybrids	p. 51
2.4 The General Electric Delta Car	p. 52
2.5 Batteries, Ultracapacitors, and Semi and Full-Fuel Cells	p. 53
2.6 Lithium Ion	p. 56
2.7 Cell Voltage, Reliability of Stacks, and Impact of Inverters	p. 57
2.8 Battery Mass Fraction, Energy, Power, Benefi ts and a Penalty	p. 58
2.9 Vehicle Classes, Niches, and Constraints	p. 59
2.10 Messages from Full-Cycle Modeling, Energy Security, and Air Quality	p. 60
2.11 Market Penetration by Vehicle Niche	p. 60
2.12 Vehicle Architecture, Key Components, Controls, and Cost	p. 61
2.13 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) Charging: Levels 1 to 3	p. 62
2.14 Grid Impacts	p. 64
2.15 Vehicle to Grid (V2G): A First or Second Order Matter?	p. 66
2.16 Second Life for Used Vehicle Batteries Grid-Side Instead?	p. 68
2.17 The City and the Vehicle	p. 69
2.18 Impact of Electric Drive on Greenhouse Gas Emissions	p. 69
2.19 Conclusions	p. 70
3 Autonomous Demand-Side Management	p. 75
3.1 Introduction	p. 75
3.2 Direct and Indirect Demand-Side Management	p. 77
3.3 Autonomous Demand-Side Management	p. 79
3.4 Optimal Energy Consumption Scheduling	p. 82
3.5 Price Prediction	p. 88
3.6 Managing User-Side Storage and Generation	p. 91
3.7 Conclusion	p. 92
4 Power Electronics for Monitoring, Signaling, and Protection	p. 97
4.1 Introduction	p. 97
4.2 Power Line Communication	p. 98
4.3 Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection	p. 102
4.4 Active Protection	p. 109
4.5 Power Electronics Signaling Technology	p. 113
4.6 Conclusions	p. 115
Part II Communications
5 Introduction to Smart Grid Communications	p. 121
5.1 Introduction	p. 122
5.2 An Overview of Network Architecture	p. 124
5.3 Premises Network	p. 127
5.4 Neighborhood Area Network	p. 131
5.5 Wide Area Network	p. 135
5.6 Standardization Activities	p. 138
5.7 Conclusions	p. 141
6 Wireless Communications in Smart Grids	p. 145
6.1 Introduction	p. 145
6.2 Wireless Personal Area Networks	p. 150
6.3 Wireless Local Area Networks	p. 156
6.4 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks	p. 162
6.5 Cellular Networks	p. 165
6.6 Satellite Communications	p. 170
6.7 Conclusions	p. 181
7 Wireline Communications in Smart Grids	p. 191
7.1 Introduction	p. 191
7.2 Phone Line Technology	p. 195
7.3 Coaxial Cable Technologies	p. 201
7.4 Power Line Technology	p. 204
7.4.1 PLC Scenarios, Channel, and Noise Aspects	p. 205
7.5 Conclusions	p. 220
8 Optical Communications in Smart Grids	p. 231
8.1 Introduction	p. 231
8.2 Passive Optical Networks (PONs)	p. 232
8.3 Wave Lengh Division Multiplexing (WDM)	p. 235
8.4 SONET/SDH	p. 238
8.5 Carrier Ethernet	p. 239
8.6 Conclusions	p. 241
9 Network Layer Aspects of Smart Grid Communications	p. 243
9.1 Introduction	p. 243
9.2 TCP/IP Networks	p. 244
9.3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)	p. 248
9.4 Conclusions	p. 248
10 Smart Grid Sensing, Automation, and Control Protocols	p. 251
10.1 Introduction	p. 251
10.2 Protocols and Standards	p. 259
10.3 Conclusions	p. 286
Part III Security
11 Introduction to Smart Grid Cyber Security	p. 295
11.1 Introduction	p. 295
11.2 Examples	p. 299
11.3 Conclusion	p. 316
12 Smart Grid Security Standardization	p. 321
12.1 Standardization Activities	p. 321
12.2 Smart Grid Security Requirements	p. 321
12.3 Security Relevant Regulation and Standardization Activities	p. 323
12.4 Trends in Energy Automation Security	p. 332
12.5 Conclusion	p. 333
13 Smart Grid Authentication and Key Management	p. 337
13.1 Introduction and Scope	p. 337
13.2 Authentication and Authorization Issues in the Smart Grid	p. 347
13.3 Architectural Considerations and Recommendations	p. 350
13.4 Conclusion and Next Steps	p. 358
Part IV Case Studies and Field Trials
14 Hybrid WirelessûPlc Smart Grid in Rural Greece	p. 365
Introduction	p. 365
Network Design and Implementation	p. 366
Smart-Grid Applications Offered in Larissa	p. 371
Key Lessons Learned	p. 375
Conclusions	p. 378
Smart Charging the Electric Vehicle Fleet	p. 381
Introduction	p. 381
The Fleet Operator as a New Conceptual Role	p. 382
EDISON and the Use of Standards	p. 386
Smart Charging Communication Components	p. 390
Charging Infrastructure Communication	p. 394
Demonstration	p. 400
Conclusion and Future Work	p. 403
Real-Time Estimation of Transmission Line Parameters	p. 409
Introduction	p. 409
Basic Concepts	p. 410
Filtering Invalid Measurements	p. 412
Estimating Parameters Rij, Xij, and Y	p. 414
Simulation Results	p. 417
Conclusions	p. 421
Wamcp Study: Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control	p. 429
Wide-Area Voltage Stability Protection	p. 429
Heuristic Tree Search	p. 431
Voltage Stability Protection Based on Local Measurements	p. 433
Test Network	p. 433
Scenarios and Simulation Results	p. 436
Conclusion	p. 440
Secure Remote Access to Home Energy Appliances	p. 443
Introduction	p. 443
Challenges in the Smart Grid	p. 444
Access Control and Authorization for Remote Access to Home Energy Appliances	p. 446

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Table of Contents