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Summary
Summary
This book is part of a three-book series for the sequence of electric power electives taught in most large universities' Electrical Engineering departments. Advances in hybrid-electric cars and alternative energy systems, coupled with the severe environmental problems associated with hydrocarbon-based fuels, are driving renewed interest in the electric energy systems (EES) curriculum at the Undergraduate level.
Ned Mohan has been a leader in EES education and research for decades, as author of the best-selling text/reference Power Electronics with Wiley and a series of textbooks self-published under the MNPERE imprint. Mohan leads a consortium of 80+ universities working to revitalize electric power engineering education. These texts are based on the integrated curriculum developed over nearly 15 years of research in education in this field.
Since the subject of Electric Power Systems encompasses a large and complex set of topics, a unique aspect of this book is a balanced approach in presenting as many topics as possible on a fundamental basis for a single-semester course. These topics include how electricity is generated and how it is used by various loads, and the network and various apparatus in between. Students see the big picture and learn the fundamentals at the same time. Sequencing of these topics is considered carefully to avoid repetition and to retain student and reader interest. However, instructors can rearrange the order for the most part, based on their own experiences and preferences.
Author Notes
Ned Mohan is the Oscar A. Schott Professor of Power Electronics in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Minnesota, where he has been teaching for 33 years. He has written five textbooks; one of them has been translated into several languages.
He has 13 patents and has written over 200 technical articles. He is actively involved in the area of renewable energy and is working on the next generation of wind generators and storage.
He received the Distinguished Teaching Award by the Institute of Technology at the University of Minnesota. He is a Morse-Alumni Distinguished Teaching Professor and is a member of the Academy of Distinguished Teachers at the University of Minnesota. He received the Outstanding Educator Award from the Power Engineering Society of the IEEE in 2008. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
Chapter 1 Power Systems: A Changing Landscape | p. 1 |
1.1 Nature of Power Systems | p. 1 |
1.2 Changing Landscape of Power Systems and Utility Deregulation | p. 2 |
1.3 Topics in Power Systems | p. 3 |
References | p. 4 |
Problems | p. 5 |
Chapter 2 Review of Basic Electric Circuits and Electromagnetic Concepts | p. 6 |
2.1 Introduction [1] | p. 6 |
2.2 Phasor Representation in Sinusoidal Steady State | p. 6 |
2.3 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor | p. 9 |
2.4 Three-Phase Circuits | p. 15 |
2.5 Real and Reactive Power Transfer Between AC Systems | p. 21 |
2.6 Apparatus Ratings, Base Values, and Per-Unit Quantities | p. 22 |
2.7 Energy Efficiencies of Power System Apparatus | p. 24 |
2.8 Electromagnetic Concepts | p. 24 |
Reference | p. 33 |
Problems | p. 33 |
Appendix 2A p. 35 | |
Chapter 3 Electric Energy and the Environment | p. 39 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 39 |
3.2 Choices and Consequences | p. 39 |
3.3 Hydro Power | p. 40 |
3.4 Fossil FuelBased Power Plants | p. 41 |
3.5 Nuclear Power | p. 43 |
3.6 Renewable Energy | p. 45 |
3.7 Distributed Generation (DG) | p. 52 |
3.8 Environmental Consequences and Remedial Actions | p. 52 |
3.9 Resource Planning | p. 53 |
References | p. 55 |
Problems | p. 55 |
Chapter 4 Ac Transmission Lines and Underground Cables | p. 57 |
4.1 Need for Transmission Lines and Cables | p. 57 |
4.2 Overhead AC Transmission Lines | p. 57 |
4.3 Transposition of Transmission Line Phases | p. 59 |
4.4 Transmission Lines Parameters | p. 59 |
4.5 Distributed-Parameter Representation of Transmission Lines in Sinusoidal Steady State | p. 66 |
4.6 Surge Impedance Zc and the Surge Impedance Loading (SII) | p. 68 |
4.7 Lumped Transmission Line Models in Steady State | p. 70 |
4.8 Cables [8] | p. 72 |
References | p. 73 |
Problems | p. 74 |
Appendix 4A Long Transmission Lines | p. 75 |
Chapter 5 Power Flow in Power System Networks | p. 78 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 78 |
5.2 Description of the Power System | p. 79 |
5.3 Example Power System | p. 79 |
5.4 Building the Admittance Matrix | p. 80 |
5.5 Basic Power Flow Equations | p. 82 |
5.6 Newton-Raphson Procedure | p. 83 |
5.7 Solution of Power Flow Equations Using N-R Method | p. 85 |
5.8 Fast Decoupled N-R Method for Power Flow | p. 89 |
5.9 Sensitivity Analysis | p. 90 |
5.10 Reaching the Bus Var Limit | p. 90 |
5.11 Synchronized Phasor Measurements, Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), and Wide-Area Measurement Systems | p. 91 |
References | p. 91 |
Problems | p. 91 |
Appendix 5A Gauss-Seidel Procedure for Power Flow Calculations | p. 92 |
Chapter 6 Transformers in Power Systems | p. 94 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 94 |
6.2 Basic Principles of Transformer Operation | p. 94 |
6.3 Simplified Transformer Model | p. 99 |
6.4 Per-Unit Representation | p. 101 |
6.5 Transformer Efficiencies and Leakage Reactances | p. 103 |
6.6 Regulation in Transformers | p. 104 |
6.7 Auto-Transformers | p. 104 |
6.8 Phase-Shift Introduced by Transformers | p. 106 |
6.9 Three-Winding Transformers | p. 107 |
6.10 Three-Phase Transformers | p. 108 |
6.11 Representing Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios, Taps, and Phase-Shift | p. 108 |
References | p. 110 |
Problems | p. 110 |
Chapter 7 High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission Systems | p. 113 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 113 |
7.2 Power Semiconductor Devices and Their Capabilities | p. 113 |
7.3 HVDC Transmission Systems | p. 114 |
7.4 Current-Link HVDC Systems | p. 115 |
7.5 Voltage-Link HVDC Systems | p. 125 |
References | p. 129 |
Problems | p. 130 |
Chapter 8 Distribution System, Loads, and Power Quality | p. 132 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 132 |
8.2 Distribution Systems | p. 132 |
8.3 Power System Loads | p. 133 |
8.4 Power Quality Considerations | p. 137 |
8.5 Load Management [6,7] and Smart Grid | p. 148 |
8.6 Price of Electricity [3] | p. 149 |
References | p. 149 |
Problems | p. 149 |
Chapter 9 Synchronous Generators | p. 151 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 151 |
9.2 Structure | p. 152 |
9.3 Induced EMF in the Stator Windings | p. 154 |
9.4 Power Output, Stability, and the Loss of Synchronism | p. 159 |
9.5 Field Excitation Control to Adjust Reactive Power | p. 160 |
9.6 Field Exciters for Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) | p. 162 |
9.7 Synchronous, Transient, and Subtransient Reactances | p. 162 |
References | p. 164 |
Problems | p. 165 |
Chapter 10 Voltage Regulation and Stability in Power Systems | p. 166 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 166 |
10.2 Radial System as an Example | p. 166 |
10.3 Voltage Collapse | p. 169 |
10.4 Prevention of Voltage Instability | p. 170 |
References | p. 176 |
Problems | p. 176 |
Chapter 11 Transient and Dynamic Stability of Power Systems | p. 178 |
11.1 Introduction | p. 178 |
11.2 Principle of Transient Stability | p. 178 |
11.3 Transient Stability Evaluation in Large Systems | p. 186 |
11.4 Dynamic Stability | p. 187 |
References | p. 188 |
Problems | p. 188 |
Appendix 11A Inertia, Torque and Acceleration in Rotating Systems | p. 188 |
Chapter 12 Control of Interconnected Power System and Economic Dispatch | p. 192 |
12.1 Control Objectives | p. 192 |
12.2 Voltage Control by Controlling Excitation and the Reactive Power | p. 193 |
12.3 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) | p. 194 |
12.4 Economic Dispatch and Optimum Power Flow | p. 201 |
References | p. 206 |
Problems | p. 206 |
Chapter 13 Transmission Line Faults, Relaying, and Circuit Breakers | p. 208 |
13.1 Causes of Transmission Line Faults | p. 208 |
13.2 Symmetrical Components for Fault Analysis | p. 209 |
13.3 Types of Faults | p. 211 |
13.4 System Impedances for Fault Calculations | p. 215 |
13.5 Calculation of Fault Currents in Large Networks | p. 218 |
13.6 Protection against Short-Circuit Faults | p. 219 |
References | p. 227 |
Problems | p. 227 |
Chapter 14 Transient Overvoltages, Surge Protection, and Insulation Coordination | p. 229 |
14.1 Introduction | p. 229 |
14.2 Causes of Overvoltages | p. 229 |
14.3 Transmission Line Characteristics and Representation | p. 230 |
14.4 Insulation to Withstand Overvoltages | p. 233 |
14.5 Surge Arresters and Insulation Coordination | p. 234 |
References | p. 235 |
Problems | p. 235 |