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Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
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Searching... | 30000010115569 | TK3091 S56 2006 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
Searching... | 30000010115568 | TK3091 S56 2006 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
Power distribution and quality remain the key challenges facing the electrical utilities industry. Technology alone cannot provide a solution to power quality problems, and there exists a variety of procedures and programs that can be put in place to ensure reliable, high quality electricity. With chapters carefully culled from the best-selling Electric Power Distribution Handbook, Distribution Reliability and Power Quality provides an economical, sharply focused reference for engineers and technicians working in this specialty area of power distribution.
The book introduces the concept of reliability, outlining various methods of assessing and improving reliability along with the factors that affect it. It follows with a detailed look at voltage sags and momentary interruptions, various solutions to these issues, power quality monitoring, and other quality issues such as voltage unbalance and harmonics. Because faults are the cause of many interruptions and other power quality problems, the author devotes a detailed chapter to various aspects of faults. Focused on enhancing the delivery of high-quality power, this volume includes a new chapter on reliability and power quality improvement programs that provide a roadmap to better performance and ultimately to higher efficiency.
Presenting a host of practical solutions for reliability and power quality specialists, Distribution Reliability and Power Quality gathers critical tools, techniques, and knowledge into a single source that is ideally suited for immediate implementation.
Author Notes
Short\, Thomas Allen
Table of Contents
1 Reliability | p. 1 |
1.1 Reliability Indices | p. 1 |
1.1.1 Customer-Based Indices | p. 1 |
1.1.2 Load-Based Indices | p. 5 |
1.2 Storms and Weather | p. 6 |
1.3 Variables Affecting Reliability Indices | p. 10 |
1.3.1 Circuit Exposure and Load Density | p. 10 |
1.3.2 Supply Configuration | p. 11 |
1.3.3 Voltage | p. 12 |
1.3.4 Long-Term Reliability Trends | p. 13 |
1.4 Modeling Radial Distribution Circuits | p. 15 |
1.5 Parallel Distribution Systems | p. 17 |
1.6 Improving Reliability | p. 21 |
1.6.1 Identify and Target Fault Causes | p. 22 |
1.6.2 Identify and Target Circuits | p. 23 |
1.6.3 Switching and Protection Equipment | p. 23 |
1.6.4 Automation | p. 27 |
1.6.5 Maintenance and Inspections | p. 29 |
1.6.6 Restoration | p. 31 |
1.6.7 Fault Reduction | p. 34 |
1.7 Interruption Costs | p. 34 |
References | p. 36 |
2 Voltage Sags and Momentary Interruptions | p. 39 |
2.1 Location | p. 40 |
2.2 Momentary Interruptions | p. 42 |
2.3 Voltage Sags | p. 45 |
2.3.1 Effect of Phases | p. 51 |
2.3.2 Load Response | p. 51 |
2.3.3 Analysis of Voltage Sags | p. 53 |
2.4 Characterizing Sags and Momentaries | p. 54 |
2.4.1 Industry Standards | p. 54 |
2.4.2 Characterization Details | p. 56 |
2.5 Occurrences of Voltage Sags | p. 57 |
2.5.1 Site Power Quality Variations | p. 59 |
2.5.2 Transmission-Level Power Quality | p. 62 |
2.6 Correlations of Sags and Momentaries | p. 62 |
2.7 Factors That Influence Sag and Momentary Rates | p. 63 |
2.7.1 Location | p. 64 |
2.7.2 Load Density | p. 66 |
2.7.3 Voltage Class | p. 67 |
2.7.4 Comparison and Ranking of Factors | p. 67 |
2.8 Prediction of Quality Indicators Based on Site Characteristics | p. 69 |
2.9 Equipment Sensitivities | p. 71 |
2.9.1 Computers and Electronic Power Supplies | p. 71 |
2.9.2 Industrial Processes and Equipment | p. 75 |
2.9.2.1 Relays and Contactors | p. 76 |
2.9.2.2 Adjustable-Speed Drives | p. 79 |
2.9.2.3 Programmable-Logic Controllers | p. 81 |
2.9.3 Residential Equipment | p. 81 |
2.10 Solution Options | p. 81 |
2.10.1 Utility Options for Momentary Interruptions | p. 81 |
2.10.2 Utility Options for Voltage Sags | p. 84 |
2.10.2.1 Raising the Nominal Voltage | p. 85 |
2.10.2.2 Line Reactors | p. 85 |
2.10.2.3 Neutral Reactors | p. 86 |
2.10.2.4 Current-Limiting Fuses | p. 87 |
2.10.3 Utility Options with Nontraditional Equipment | p. 88 |
2.10.3.1 Fast Transfer Switches | p. 88 |
2.10.3.2 DVRs and Other Custom-Power Devices | p. 89 |
2.10.4 Customer/Equipment Solutions | p. 91 |
2.11 Power Quality Monitoring | p. 92 |
References | p. 94 |
3 Other Power Quality Issues | p. 99 |
3.1 Overvoltages and Customer Equipment Failures | p. 99 |
3.1.1 Secondary/Facility Grounding | p. 101 |
3.1.2 Reclose Transients | p. 103 |
3.2 Switching Surges | p. 104 |
3.2.1 Voltage Magnification | p. 108 |
3.2.2 Tripping of Adjustable-Speed Drives | p. 110 |
3.2.3 Prevention of Capacitor Transients | p. 111 |
3.3 Harmonics | p. 112 |
3.3.1 Resonances | p. 119 |
3.3.2 Telephone Interference | p. 121 |
3.4 Flicker | p. 125 |
3.4.1 Flicker Solutions | p. 133 |
3.4.1.1 Load Changes | p. 133 |
3.4.1.2 Series Capacitor | p. 135 |
3.4.1.3 Static Var Compensator | p. 138 |
3.4.1.4 Other Solutions | p. 139 |
3.5 Voltage Unbalance | p. 140 |
References | p. 143 |
4 Faults | p. 147 |
4.1 General Fault Characteristics | p. 147 |
4.2 Fault Calculations | p. 153 |
4.2.1 Transformer Connections | p. 158 |
4.2.2 Fault Profiles | p. 159 |
4.2.3 Effect of X/R Ratio | p. 162 |
4.2.4 Secondary Faults | p. 165 |
4.2.5 Primary-to-Secondary Faults | p. 167 |
4.2.6 Underbuilt Fault to a Transmission Circuit | p. 171 |
4.2.7 Fault Location Calculations | p. 174 |
4.3 Limiting Fault Currents | p. 178 |
4.4 Arc Characteristics | p. 179 |
4.5 High-Impedance Faults | p. 185 |
4.6 External Fault Causes | p. 189 |
4.6.1 Trees | p. 189 |
4.6.2 Weather and Lightning | p. 196 |
4.6.3 Animals | p. 197 |
4.6.4 Other External Causes | p. 198 |
4.7 Equipment Faults | p. 199 |
4.8 Faults in Equipment | p. 200 |
References | p. 204 |
5 Reliability and Power Quality Improvement Programs | p. 209 |
5.1 Improvements in Protection Practices | p. 209 |
5.1.1 Fusing | p. 210 |
5.1.2 Fuse Saving vs. Fuse Blowing | p. 211 |
5.1.3 Reclosing Practices | p. 215 |
5.1.4 Single-Phase Protective Devices | p. 218 |
5.1.4.1 Ferroresonance | p. 219 |
5.1.4.2 Backfeeds | p. 219 |
5.1.4.3 Single-Phasing Impacts on Motors | p. 220 |
5.1.4.4 Single-Phase Trip, Three-Phase Lockout | p. 221 |
5.1.5 Improving Coordination | p. 221 |
5.1.6 Locating Sectionalizing Equipment | p. 222 |
5.2 Fault Sources | p. 226 |
5.2.1 Trees | p. 228 |
5.2.2 Lightning | p. 233 |
5.2.3 Animals | p. 240 |
5.2.4 Cable and Equipment Failures | p. 243 |
5.3 Programs to Reduce Fault Rates | p. 246 |
5.4 Outage Follow-Ups | p. 247 |
5.5 Problem-Circuit Audits | p. 249 |
5.6 Construction Upgrade Programs | p. 250 |
5.7 Using Outage Databases | p. 252 |
References | p. 257 |
Index | p. 261 |