Cover image for Electrical calculations and guidelines for generating stations and industrial plants
Title:
Electrical calculations and guidelines for generating stations and industrial plants
Publication Information:
Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, c2012
Physical Description:
xvii, 283 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9781439855034

Available:*

Library
Item Barcode
Call Number
Material Type
Item Category 1
Status
Searching...
30000010280808 TK1191 B35 2012 Open Access Book Book
Searching...

On Order

Summary

Summary

"This is really a practical, hands-on book for the working engineer."

¿Phillip Wheeler, former Southern California Edison supervising electrical apparatus engineer and regional IEEE PES/IAS leader

A very helpful tool for solving circuit protection problems, Electrical Calculations and Guidelines for Generating Stations and Industrial Plants presents and simplifies the theory and 132 calculations that electrical engineers typically need to understand in order to support operations, maintenance, and betterment projects for generating stations and other large industrial facilities. The book begins with a cursory review or refresher of basic electrical theory. It then provides additional insights into electrical theory and sets the conventions that will be utilized throughout the remainder of the book.


Author Notes

Tom Baker is currently a consulting engineer for Sumatron in support of large generating stations. He has performed protection reviews on over 30,000 megawatts of nuclear, coal, oil, and gas generating units; consequently, is well aware of protection oversights that can impact the productivity of large generating stations and covers them in the book. He has developed and presented 29 four-day hotel and on-site comprehensive electrical power engineering seminars for utility protection engineers, nuclear generating stations, municipal utilities, cooperatives, investor owned power producers, and engineering companies. The 4-day seminars are approved by IEEE for educational credit. He holds two patents and developed the "EE Helper Power Engineering" software program.

Previously he worked for Southern California Edison (SCE) for 36 years and had progressive responsibility as a protective relay technician, metering engineer, protection engineer, distribution engineer, apparatus engineer and for the last 15 years with SCE he was the chief electrical engineer for 12 large fossil fuelled generating stations.

Mr. Baker completed a master¿s degree in electrical power engineering and management.


Table of Contents

Prefacep. xiii
Acknowledgmentsp. xv
About the Authorp. xvii
1 The Basicsp. 1
1.1 Three-Phase Historyp. 1
1.2 Three-Phase System Advantagesp. 1
1.3 Theoryp. 2
1.4 Magnetismp. 2
1.5 Voltage and Currentp. 5
1.6 Resistancep. 7
1.7 Inductancep. 8
1.8 Capacitancep. 8
1.9 Circuitsp. 9
1.10 Time Constantsp. 10
1.11 Reactancep. 12
1.12 Series Impedancep. 13
1.13 Parallel Impedancep. 17
1.14 Transformersp. 19
1.15 Electrical Systemsp. 21
1.16 Generating Station Electrical Configurationsp. 22
1.17 Three-Phase Basicsp. 24
1.18 Power Transformer Connectionsp. 30
1.19 Instrument Transformer Connectionsp. 35
1.20 Bibliographyp. 37
2 Electrical Studiesp. 39
2.1 Conversionsp. 39
2.1.1 Ohmicp. 39
2.1.2 Megavolt-Amps (MVA)p. 40
2.2 Transformer Tap Optimizationp. 43
2.3 Conductor Parametersp. 45
2.3.1 Busesp. 46
2.3.2 Insulated Cablep. 48
2.3.3 Overhead Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) Cablep. 50
2.4 Study Accuracyp. 53
2.5 Voltage Studiesp. 53
2.5.1 Bus Voltage Dropp. 53
2.5.2 Line Voltage Dropp. 53
2.5.3 Capacitive Voltage Risep. 55
2.5.4 Collapsing Deltap. 55
2.6 Power Transfer Calculationsp. 55
2.7 Two-Generator Systemp. 57
2.8 Ohmic Short.Circuit Calculationsp. 58
2.8.1 No Transformerp. 58
2.8.2 Parallel Sourcesp. 58
2.9 The Per-Unit Systemp. 59
2.9.1 Basic Formulasp. 60
2.9.2 Corrected Voltage Basep. 61
2.9.3 Per-Unit Z to Ampsp. 61
2.9.4 Amps to Per-Unit R and Xp. 63
2.9.5 New MVA Basep. 63
2.9.6 Per Unit to Ohmsp. 64
2.9.7 Amps to Per-Unit Zp. 65
2.10 Per-Unit Short Circuit Calculationsp. 65
2.10.1 Transformer Short Circuitsp. 65
2.10.2 Transformer Three-Phase and Phase-to-Phase Fault Proceduresp. 65
2.10.3 Sequence Impedancesp. 70
2.10.4 Transformer Ground Fault Procedurep. 71
2.10.5 Alternative Ground Fault Procedurep. 73
2.10.6 Generator Three-Phase Short Circuitsp. 73
2.10.7 Generator De-Excitationp. 75
2.10.8 Motor Contributionp. 77
2.11 Bibliographyp. 78
3 Auxiliary System Protectionp. 79
3.1 Switchgear Overcurrent Coordinationp. 79
3.2 Overcurrent Schematicp. 81
3.3 Current Transformer (CT) Safety Groundp. 82
3.4 Motor Overcurrentp. 83
3.5 Motor Control Center (MCC) Source Overcurrentp. 87
3.6 Bus Tie Overcurrentp. 87
3.7 Transformer Secondary Side Overcurrentp. 92
3.8 Transformer Primary Side Overcurrentp. 92
3.9 Residual Ground Protectionp. 94
3.10 High Impedance Groundingp. 96
3.10.1 Induced Voltagesp. 97
3.10.2 Transient Voltage Mitigationp. 99
3.10.3 Primary to Secondary Capacitive Couplingp. 103
3.10.4 Neutral Groundingp. 103
3.10.5 Grounded Wye-Broken Delta Groundingp. 106
3.11 Transformer High-Speed Protectionp. 111
3.11.1 Current Differential Protectionp. 112
3.12 Bus Transfer Schemesp. 114
3.13 Bibliographyp. 118
4 Generator Protectionp. 119
4.1 Generator Relay Datap. 119
4.2 High Voltage Switchyard Configurationsp. 122
4.3 High Voltage Switchyard Protection Concernsp. 125
4.4 Generator Protective Functionsp. 128
4.4.1 Backup Impedance (21)p. 128
4.4.2 Volts/Hz (24)p. 131
4.4.3 Sync Check (25)p. 138
4.4.4 Reverse Power (32)p. 140
4.4.5 Loss of Field (40)p. 142
4.4.6 Negative Phase Sequence (46)p. 146
4.4.7 Inadvertent Energization (50/27)p. 149
4.4.8 Breaker Failure (50BF)p. 151
4.4.9 Pole Flashover (50NF)p. 152
4.4.10 Overvoltage (59)p. 153
4.4.11 Loss of Potential (60)p. 154
4.4.12 Stator Ground (64)p. 154
4.4.13 Out of Step (78)p. 158
4.4.14 Overfrequency and Underfrequency (81)p. 161
4.4.15 Lockout Relay (86)p. 165
4.4.16 Generator Differential (87)p. 166
4.5 Bibliographyp. 166
5 Electrical Apparatus Calculationsp. 167
5.1 Busesp. 167
5.2 Cablep. 168
5.2.1 Withstand Secondsp. 168
5.2.2 Fusion Secondsp. 168
5.2.3 Line Lossp. 170
5.3 Switchgear Circuit Breakersp. 170
5.3.1 Alternating Current (AC) Hi-Pot Testingp. 170
5.3.2 Circuit Breaker Dutyp. 172
5.4 Generatorsp. 174
5.4.1 Acceptance Direct Current (DC) Hi-Potp. 174
5.4.2 Routine DC Hi-Potp. 175
5.4.3 Temperaturesp. 176
5.4.4 X/RRatiop. 178
5.5 Meteringp. 179
5.5.1 Theoryp. 179
5.5.2 Watt Demandp. 180
5.5.3 Wattsp. 181
5.6 Motorsp. 181
5.6.1 Acceptance DC Hi-Potp. 181
5.6.2 Routine DC Hi-Potp. 183
5.6.3 Locked Rotor Ampsp. 183
5.6.4 Unbalanced Voltagesp. 184
5.6.5 X/RRatiop. 184
5.6.6 Switching Transientsp. 185
5.6.7 Reliabilityp. 187
5.6.8 Voltage Dropp. 188
5.7 Transformersp. 188
5.7.1 Current Transformer Burdenp. 188
5.7.2 Power Transformer Lossesp. 190
5.7.3 Power Transformer X/R Ratiop. 192
5.8 Bibliographyp. 192
6 Electrical Operating Guidelinesp. 195
6.1 Operation of Large Generatorsp. 195
6.1.1 Purposep. 195
6.1.2 Startup Operationp. 196
6.1.3 Shutdown Operationp. 197
6.1.4 On-Line Operationp. 197
6.1.5 System Separationp. 198
6.1.6 Field Groundsp. 199
6.1.7 Voltage Regulatorsp. 200
6.1.8 Moisture Intrusionp. 200
6.1.9 Routine Operator Inspectionsp. 201
6.1.10 Generator Protectionp. 202
6.1.10.1 Differential (87)p. 202
6.1.10.2 Stator Ground (64) or (59G)p. 202
6.1.10.3 Bus Ground Detectors (64B) or (59BG)p. 203
6.1.10.4 Loss of Excitation (40)p. 204
6.1.10.5 Overexcitation (24)p. 204
6.1.10.6 Reverse Power (32)p. 205
6.1.10.7 Negative Phase Sequence (46)p. 205
6.1.10.8 Backup Impedance (21) or Voltage Restraint Overcurrent (51V)p. 206
6.1.10.9 Out of Step (78)p. 207
6.1.10.10 Overfrequency and Underfrequency (81)p. 207
6.1.10.11 Sync Check (25)p. 208
6.1.10.12 Inadvertent Energization (50/27)p. 208
6.1.10.13 Pole Flashover (50NF)p. 209
6.1.10.14 Main and Auxiliary Transformer Differential (87)p. 209
6.1.10.15 Feeder Differential (87)p. 209
6.1.10.16 Overall Unit Differential (87)p. 209
6.1.10.17 Auxiliary and Main Transformer Sudden Pressure (63)p. 210
6.1.10.18 Zone 1 Impedance (21)p. 210
6.1.10.19 Breaker Failure (50BF)p. 211
6.1.10.20 Transformer Overcurrent (51)p. 211
6.1.10.21 DC Low Voltage (27DC)p. 211
6.1.10.22 DC High Voltage (59DC)p. 211
6.2 Operation of Large Power Transformersp. 212
6.2.1 Purposep. 212
6.2.2 Operator Inspectionsp. 212
6.2.3 Sudden Pressure Relaysp. 213
6.2.4 Transformer Differential or Sudden Pressure Relay Operationsp. 213
6.2.5 Emergency Cooling and Loadingp. 214
6.2.6 Oil Pump Operationp. 214
6.3 Operation of Large Electric Motorsp. 215
6.3.1 Purposep. 215
6.3.2 Operator Inspectionsp. 215
6.3.3 Starting Dutyp. 216
6.3.4 Heatersp. 216
6.3.5 Protectionp. 216
6.3.5.1 Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent Trippingp. 216
6.3.5.2 Time Phase Overcurrent Trippingp. 217
6.3.5.3 Feeder Ground Trippingp. 217
6.4 Operation of Auxiliary System Switchgearp. 218
6.4.1 Purposep. 218
6.4.2 Operator Inspectionsp. 218
6.4.3 Protectionp. 219
6.4.3.1 Load Feeder Overcurrent Protectionp. 219
6.4.3.2 Load Feeder Ground Protectionp. 219
6.4.3.3 Source and Tie Overcurrent Protectionp. 219
6.4.3.4 High Side Source Transformer Overcurrent Protectionp. 220
6.4.3.5 Source and Tie Residual Ground Protectionp. 220
6.4.3.6 Source Transformer Neutral Ground Protectionp. 221
6.4.3.7 Alarm-Only Ground Schemesp. 221
6.4.4 Switchgear Bus Transfersp. 222
6.4.4.1 Paralleling Two Sourcesp. 222
6.4.4.2 Drop Pickup Transfersp. 222
6.4.4.3 Automatic Bus Transfer Schemesp. 223
6.6 Bibliographyp. 223
7 Electrical Maintenance Guidelinesp. 225
7.1 Generator Electrical Maintenancep. 225
7.1.1 Purposep. 225
7.1.2 Routine On-Line Slip-Ring Brush-Rigging Inspectionsp. 226
7.1.3 Inspection of Rotor Grounding Brushes and Bearing Insulationp. 228
7.1.4 Routine Unit Outagesp. 228
7.1.5 Overhaulsp. 229
7.1.6 Vibrationp. 231
7.2 Transformer Electrical Maintenancep. 232
7.2.1 Purposep. 232
7.2.2 Inspectionsp. 232
7.2.3 Transformer Testingp. 233
7.2.4 Avoiding Pyrolitic Growth in Tap Changersp. 234
7.2.5 Internal Inspectionp. 235
7.2.6 Electrostatic Voltage Transferp. 235
7.2.7 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)p. 236
7.2.8 Dielectric Breakdown Testp. 237
7.2.9 Insulators and Bushingsp. 237
7.2.10 Sudden-Pressure Relaysp. 237
7.2.11 Spare Transformer Maintenancep. 238
7.2.12 Phasing Testp. 238
7.3 Motor Electrical Maintenancep. 238
7.3.1 Purposep. 238
7.3.2 Electrical Protectionp. 238
7.3.2.1 Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent Tripping (50)p. 239
7.3.2.2 Time Phase Overcurrent Tripping (51)p. 240
7.3.2.3 Feeder Ground Tripping (51G)p. 241
7.3.3 Testingp. 241
7.3.4 Internal Inspectionsp. 242
7.3.5 On-line and Off-line Routine Inspectionsp. 243
7.3.6 Motor Monitoring and Diagnosticsp. 244
7.4 Switchgear Circuit Breaker Maintenancep. 244
7.4.1 Purposep. 244
7.4.2 GeneralùSwitchgear Circuit Breakers (200 Volts to 15kV)p. 245
7.4.3 Inspection and Testing Frequenciesp. 246
7.4.4 Mechanical Inspectionp. 246
7.4.5 Electrical Testingp. 247
7.4.6 Operational Testsp. 250
7.4.7 Cubicle Inspectionp. 250
7.4.8 Rack-In Inspectionp. 250
7.4.9 Generator DC Field Breakersp. 251
7.5 Insulation Testing of Electrical Apparatusp. 251
7.5.1 Purposep. 251
7.5.2 Apparatus 440 Volts and Higherp. 252
7.5.3 Normal Routine Maintenancep. 252
7.5.4 Avoiding a Forced Outage or Load Restrictionp. 253
7.5.5 DC High Potential Testingp. 253
7.5.6 Generator and Motor Stator Winding Test Valuesp. 256
7.5.7 Generator Rotor Field Test Valuesp. 256
7.5.8 Generator Neutral Buses or Cablesp. 257
7.5.9 Cable 5 kV and Higherp. 257
7.6 Bus and Motor Control Center (MCC) Maintenancep. 257
7.6.1 Purposep. 257
7.6.2 Bus Inspectionsp. 258
7.6.3 Bus Testingp. 258
7.6.4 MCC Position Inspectionsp. 259
7.6.5 MCC Position Testingp. 259
7.7 Protective Relay Testingp. 259
7.7.1 Purposep. 259
7.7.2 Generalp. 259
7.7.3 Testing Schedule (440 Volts to 765 kV)p. 259
7.7.4 Relay Routine Testsp. 260
7.7.5 Primary Overall Test of Current Transformers (CTs)p. 260
7.7.6 Documentationp. 261
7.7.7 Multifunction Digital Relay Concernsp. 261
7.8 Battery Inspection and Maintenancep. 261
7.8.1 Purposep. 261
7.8.2 Generalp. 262
7.8.3 Floating Chargesp. 263
7.8.4 Inspection Schedulesp. 263
7.8.5 Safety Precautionsp. 265
7.8.6 Operation and Troubleshootingp. 266
7.9 Personnel Safety Groundsp. 267
7.9.1 Purposep. 267
7.9.2 Generalp. 267
7.9.3 Special Grounding Considerationsp. 268
7.9.4 Maintenancep. 270
7.9.5 Electrical Testingp. 270
7.10 Generator Automatic Voltage Regulators and Power System Stabilizersp. 271
7.10.1 Purposep. 271
7.10.2 Automatic Voltage Regulatorsp. 271
7.10.3 Power System Stabilizersp. 271
7.10.4 Certification Testsp. 272
7.10.5 Routine Testsp. 272
7.10.6 Generating Station Responsibilitiesp. 273
7.10.7 Excitation Engineering Responsibilitiesp. 273
7.11 Bibliographyp. 273
Indexp. 275