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Cover image for Wireless and guided wave electromagnetics : fundamentals and applications
Title:
Wireless and guided wave electromagnetics : fundamentals and applications
Personal Author:
Series:
Optics and photonics
Publication Information:
Boca Raton, F.L. : CRC Press,Taylor & Francis Group, 2013
Physical Description:
xxi, 384 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9781439847534
General Note:
Includes index
Title Subject:

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30000010321160 QC665.E4 B56 2013 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Wireless communications allow high-speed mobile access to a global Internet based on ultra-wideband backbone intercontinental and terrestrial networks. Both of these environments support the carrying of information via electromagnetic waves that are wireless (in free air) or guided through optical fibers. Wireless and Guided Wave Electromagnetics: Fundamentals and Applications explores the fundamental aspects of electromagnetic waves in wireless media and wired guided media. This is an essential subject for engineers and physicists working with communication technologies, mobile networks, and optical communications.

This comprehensive book:

Builds from the basics to modern topics in electromagnetics for wireless and optical fiber communication Examines wireless radiation and the guiding of optical waves, which are crucial for carrying high-speed information in long-reach optical networking scenarios Explains the physical phenomena and practical aspects of guiding optical waves that may not require detailed electromagnetic solutions Explores applications of electromagnetic waves in optical communication systems and networks based on frequency domain transfer functions in the linear regions, which simplifies the physical complexity of the waves but still allows them to be examined from a system engineering perspective Uses MATLAB® and Simulink® models to simulate and illustrate the electromagnetic fields Includes worked examples, laboratory exercises, and problem sets to test understanding

The book's modular structure makes it suitable for a variety of courses, for self-study, or as a resource for research and development. Throughout, the author emphasizes issues commonly faced by engineers. Going a step beyond traditional electromagnetics textbooks, this book highlights specific uses of electromagnetic waves with a focus on the wireless and optical technologies that are increasingly important for high-speed transmission over very long distances.


Author Notes

Le Nguyen Binh is a technical director at the European Research Center of Huawei Technologies in Munich, Germany. He is the editor, author, or coauthor of eight books in optics and photonics, including:

Nonlinear Optical Systems: Principles, Phenomena, and Advanced Signal Processing Guided Wave Photonics: Fundamentals and Applications with MATLAB® Ultra-Fast Fiber Lasers: Principles and Applications with MATLAB® Models Optical Fiber Communications Systems: Theory and Practice with MATLAB® and Simulink® Models


Table of Contents

Prefacep. xv
Acknowledgmentsp. xix
About the Authorp. xxi
Chapter 1 Electric and Magnetic Fields and Wavesp. 1
1.1 Brief Overviewp. 1
1.2 Wave Representationp. 1
1.2.1 Overviewp. 1
1.2.2 General Propertyp. 2
1.2.3 Waves by Phasor Representationp. 3
1.2.4 Phase Velocityp. 4
1.3 Maxwell's Equationsp. 5
1.3.1 Faraday's Lawp. 5
1.3.2 Ampere's Lawp. 5
1.3.3 Gauss's Law for Electric Field and Chargesp. 7
1.3.4 Gauss's Law for Magnetic Fieldp. 7
1.4 Maxwell Equations in Dielectric Mediap. 7
1.4.1 Maxwell Equationsp. 7
1.4.2 Wave Equationp. 9
1.4.3 Boundary Conditionsp. 9
1.4.4 Reciprocity Theoremsp. 9
1.5 Current Continuityp. 10
1.6 Lossless TEM Wavesp. 11
1.7 Maxwell's Equations in Time-Harmonic and Phasor Formsp. 14
1.8 Plane Wavesp. 14
1.8.1 General Wave Equationsp. 14
1.8.2 Time-Harmonic Wave Equationp. 16
Referencep. 18
Chapter 2 Electrical Transmission Linesp. 19
2.1 Model of Time-Harmonic Waves on Transmission Linesp. 19
2.1.1 Distributed Model of Transmission Linesp. 19
2.1.2 Time-Harmonic Waves on Transmission Linesp. 21
2.2 Terminated Transmission Linesp. 23
2.2.1 Terminated Linep. 23
2.2.2 Reflection Coefficientp. 24
2.2.3 Input Line Impedancep. 25
2.3 Smith Chartp. 27
2.4 Impedance Matchingp. 29
2.5 Equipmentp. 32
2.5.1 Apparatusp. 32
2.5.2 Experimental Setupp. 33
2.5.3 Notes on the Slotted Linesp. 33
2.5.4 Experimentp. 33
2.5.5 Time-Domain Reflectometryp. 35
2.6 Concluding Remarksp. 37
2.7 Problemsp. 38
2.7.1 Problem on TDR Operation on Transmission and Reflectionp. 38
2.7.2 Problem on Transmission Linep. 39
2.7.3 Problem on Slotted Transmission Line Experimentp. 40
2.7.4 Problems on Transmission Linesp. 40
Referencep. 45
Chapter 3 Antennaep. 47
3.1 Introductionp. 47
3.1.1 Differential Doublet and Dipole Antennap. 49
3.1.2 Far Fieldp. 50
3.1.3 Near Heldp. 51
3.1.4 Linear Antenna Current Distributionp. 51
3.2 Radiating Fieldsp. 54
3.2.1 Radian Field of Hertzian Antennap. 56
3.2.2 Standing Wave Antenna: The Half-Wave Dipole Antennap. 57
3.2.3 Monopole Antennap. 58
3.2.4 Traveling Wave Antennap. 60
3.2.5 Omnidirectional Antennap. 61
3.2.6 Horn Waveguide Antennap. 63
3.3 Antenna Figure of Meritp. 64
3.4 Experimentp. 66
3.4.1 Backgroundp. 66
3.4.2 Measurement of the Monopole Antenna Admittancep. 68
3.5 Concluding Remarksp. 69
3.6 Appendix: Metallic Waveguidep. 69
3.6.1 Brief Conceptp. 69
3.6.2 Experiment on Waveguidep. 74
3.7 Problemsp. 76
3.7.1 Waveguide Measurementsp. 76
3.7.2 Antenna Admittancep. 76
3.7.3 Waveguidep. 76
Referencesp. 77
Chapter 4 Planar Optical Waveguidesp. 79
4.1 Introductionp. 79
4.2 Formation of Planar Single-Mode Waveguide Problemsp. 81
4.2.1 TE/TM Wave Equationp. 82
4.3 Approximate Analytical Methods of Solutionp. 87
4.3.1 Asymmetrical Waveguidesp. 88
4.3.2 Symmetrical Waveguidesp. 99
4.3.3 Concluding Remarksp. 121
4.4 Design and Simulations of Planar Optical Waveguides: Experimentsp. 122
4.4.1 Introductionp. 122
4.4.2 Theoretical Backgroundp. 122
4.4.3 Simulation of Optical Fields and Propagation in Slab Optical Waveguide Structuresp. 126
4.5 Appendix A: Exact Analysis of Clad Linear Optical Waveguidesp. 129
4.5.1 Asymmetrical Clad Linear Profilep. 129
4.5.2 Symmetrical Waveguidep. 132
4.6 Appendix B: WKB Method, Turning Points, and Connection Formulaep. 133
4.6.1 Introductionp. 133
4.6.2 Derivation of the WKB Approximate Solutionsp. 133
4.6.3 Turning Point Correctionsp. 136
4.6.4 Correction Formulaep. 142
4.6.5 Application of Correction Formulaep. 144
4.7 Problemsp. 147
4.7.1 Problem 1p. 147
4.7.2 Problem 2p. 148
4.7.3 Problem 3p. 148
4.7.4 Problem 4p. 148
Referencesp. 149
Chapter 5 Three-Dimensional Optical Waveguidesp. 153
5.1 Introductionp. 153
5.2 Marcatilli's Methodp. 155
5.2.1 Field and Modes Guided in Rectangular Optical Waveguidesp. 156
5.2.2 Dispersion Characteristicsp. 160
5.3 Effective Index Methodp. 162
5.3.1 General Considerationsp. 162
5.3.2 Pseudowaveguidep. 165
5.4 Finite Difference Numerical Techniques for 3D Waveguidesp. 166
5.4.1 Nonuniform Grid Semivectorial Polarized Finite Difference Method for Optical Waveguides with Arbitrary Index Profilep. 167
5.4.2 Ti:LiNbO 3 -Diffused Channel Waveguidep. 176
5.5 Mode Modeling of Rib Waveguidesp. 187
5.5.1 Choice of Grid Sizep. 194
5.5.2 Numerical Resultsp. 195
5.5.3 Higher-Order Modesp. 196
5.6 Conclusionsp. 198
Referencesp. 200
Chapter 6 Optical Fibers: Single- and Few-Mode Structures and Guiding Propertiesp. 203
6.1 Optical Fibers: Circular Optical Waveguidesp. 203
6.1.1 General Aspectsp. 203
6.1.2 Optical Fiber: General Propertiesp. 204
6.1.3 Fundamental Mode of Weakly Guiding Fibersp. 207
6.1.4 Equivalent Step Index Descriptionp. 221
6.2 Special Fibersp. 225
6.3 Nonlinear Optical Effectsp. 227
6.3.1 Nonlinear Self-Phase Modulation Effectsp. 228
6.3.2 Self-Phase Modulationp. 228
6.3.3 Cross-Phase Modulationp. 229
6.3.4 Stimulated Scattering Effectsp. 230
6.4 Optical Fiber Manufacturing and Cablingp. 234
6.5 Concluding Remarksp. 238
6.6 Problemsp. 239
6.6.1 Problem 1p. 239
6.6.2 Problem 2p. 239
6.6.3 Problem 3p. 240
6.6.4 Problem 4p. 240
6.6.5 Problem 5p. 240
6.6.6 Problem 6p. 240
6.6.7 Problem 7p. 241
6.6.8 Problem 8p. 241
6.6.9 Problem 9p. 241
6.6.10 Problem 10p. 242
Appendix 6.1 Technical Specification of Corning Single-Mode Optical Fibersp. 243
Referencesp. 248
Chapter 7 Optical Fiber Operational Parametersp. 249
7.1 Introductory Remarksp. 249
7.2 Signal Attenuation in Optical Fibersp. 250
7.2.1 Intrinsic or Material Attenuationp. 250
7.2.2 Absorptionp. 250
7.2.3 Rayleigh Scatteringp. 251
7.2.4 Waveguide Lossp. 251
7.2.5 Bending Lossp. 251
7.2.6 Microbending Lossp. 252
7.2.7 Joint or Splice Lossp. 252
7.2.8 Attenuation Coefficientp. 253
7.3 Signal Distortion in Optical Fibersp. 253
7.3.1 Basics on Group Velocityp. 253
7.3.2 Group Velocity Dispersionp. 256
7.3.3 Transmission Bit Rate and the Dispersion Factorp. 266
7.3.4 Effects of Mode Hoppingp. 267
7.4 Advanced Optical Fibers: Dispersion-Shifted, -Flattened, and -Compensated Optical Fibersp. 268
7.5 Propagation of Optical Signals in Optical Fiber Transmission Line: Split-Step Fourier Methodp. 268
7.5.1 Symmetrical Split-Step Fourier Method (SSFM)p. 269
7.5.2 MATLAB® Program and MATLAB Simulink® Models of the SSFMp. 270
7.5.3 Remarksp. 277
Appendix 7.1 Program Listings for Design of Standard Single-Mode Fiberp. 278
Appendix 7.2 Program Listings of the Design of Non-Zero-Dispersion-Shifted Fiberp. 280
7.6 Problemsp. 283
7.6.1 Problem 1p. 283
7.6.2 Problem 2p. 283
7.6.3 Problem 3p. 283
7.6.4 Problem 4p. 283
7.6.5 Problem 5p. 284
7.6.6 Problem 6p. 284
7.6.7 Problem 7p. 284
7.6.8 Problem 8p. 285
7.6.9 Problem 9p. 285
7.6.10 Problem 10p. 285
7.6.11 Problem 11p. 285
7.6.12 Problem 12p. 286
7.6.13 Problem 13: Fiber Design Mini-Projectp. 286
Referencesp. 291
Chapter 8 Guided Wave Optical Transmission Lines: Transfer Functionsp. 293
8.1 Transfer Function of Single-Mode Fibersp. 293
8.1.1 Linear Transfer Functionp. 293
8.1.2 Single-Mode Optical Fiber Transfer Function: Simplified Linear and Nonlinear Operating Regionsp. 298
8.1.3 Nonlinear Fiber Transfer Functionp. 306
8.2 Fiber Nonlinearityp. 309
8.2.1 SPM and XPM Effectsp. 309
8.2.2 Modulation Instabilityp. 310
8.2.3 Effects of Mode Hoppingp. 311
8.3 Nonlinear Fiber Transfer Functions and Application in Compensationsp. 311
8.3.1 Cascades of Linear and Nonlinear Transfer Functions in Time and Frequency Domainsp. 313
8.3.2 Volterra Nonlinear Transfer Function and Electronic Compensationp. 315
8.3.3 SPM and Intrachannel Nonlinear Effectsp. 316
8.4 Concluding Remarksp. 322
Appendix 8.1 Program Listings of Split-Step Fourier Method (SSFM) with Nonlinear SPM Effect and Raman Gain Distributionp. 322
Appendix 8.2 Program Listings of an Initialization Filep. 325
Referencesp. 328
Chapter 9 Fourier Guided Wave Opticsp. 331
Abbreviationsp. 331
9.1 Introductionp. 331
9.2 Background: Fourier Transformationp. 333
9.2.1 Basic Transformp. 333
9.2.2 Optical Circuitry Implementationp. 334
9.2.3 Optical DFT by Mach-Zehnder Delay Interferometers (MZDIs)p. 339
9.2.4 Fourier Transform Signal Flow and Optical Implementationp. 340
9.2.5 AWG Structure and Characteristicsp. 345
9.3 Guided Wave Wavelet Transformerp. 349
9.3.1 Wavelet Transformation and Wavelet Packetsp. 349
9.3.2 Fiber Optic Synthesisp. 352
9.33 Synthesis Using Multimode Interference Structurep. 355
9.3.4 Remarksp. 357
9.4 Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexingp. 359
9.5 Nyquist Orthogonal Channels for Tops Optical Transmission Systemsp. 360
9.6 Design of Optical Waveguides for Optical FFT and IFFTp. 363
9.7 Concluding Remarksp. 366
Appendix 9.1

p. 368

Referencesp. 369
Appendix: Vector Analysisp. 371
Indexp. 379
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