Cover image for Fundamentals of intelligent transportation systems planning
Title:
Fundamentals of intelligent transportation systems planning
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Boston : Artech House , 2003
ISBN:
9781580531603

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30000010019648 TE228.3 C48 2003 Open Access Book Book
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30000010019279 TE228.3 C48 2003 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Designed for those involved with intelligent transportation systems (ITS), this volume guides the reader through the fundamentals that are essential for planning and operations. This reference focuses on traffic flow fundamentals and application areas, issues and principles. It includes discussion of security concerns in transportation systems, seeking to allow a greater degree of confidence in the success of your projects before actual implementation.


Author Notes

Mashrur A. Chowdhury received his Ph. D. in civil engineering from the University of Virginia, and his M.Sc. in transportation from Morgan State University.

Chowdhury is an assistant professor in the department of civil and environmental engineering and engineering mechanics at the University of Dayton, Dayton,OH.

050


Table of Contents

Prefacep. xv
Acknowledgmentsp. xvii
1 Introductionp. 1
1.1 What Is ITS?p. 1
1.2 ITS Today and Tomorrowp. 2
1.3 ITS Training and Education Needsp. 2
1.4 Scope of the Bookp. 4
1.5 Organization of the Bookp. 5
Review Questionsp. 6
Referencep. 6
2 Fundamentals of Traffic Flow and Controlp. 7
2.1 Traffic Flow Elementsp. 7
2.1.1 Flow-Density Relationshipsp. 8
2.1.2 Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flowp. 9
2.2 Traffic Flow Modelsp. 11
2.2.1 Greenshields Modelp. 11
2.2.2 Alternative Traffic Flow Modelsp. 13
2.3 Shock Waves in Traffic Streamsp. 14
2.3.1 Shock Wave Velocityp. 15
2.3.2 Shock Wave Analysis Examplep. 16
2.4 Traffic Signalization and Control Principlesp. 18
2.4.1 Traffic Signalization Principlesp. 18
2.4.2 Actuated Signal Controlp. 21
2.4.3 Signal Coordinationp. 22
2.5 Ramp Meteringp. 24
2.5.1 Types of Ramp Controlp. 25
2.5.2 Ramp Metering Operational Conceptp. 25
2.6 Traffic Simulationp. 30
2.6.1 Traffic Simulation Modelsp. 30
2.6.2 Examples of Traffic Simulation Modelsp. 31
2.6.3 Basic Guidelines for Applying Simulation Modelsp. 32
2.7 Conclusionsp. 32
Review Questionsp. 32
Referencesp. 34
3 ITS User Servicesp. 35
3.1 ITS User Servicesp. 35
3.2 ITS User Services Bundlesp. 36
3.3 Travel and Traffic Managementp. 36
3.3.1 Pretrip Travel Informationp. 38
3.3.2 En Route Driver Informationp. 38
3.3.3 Route Guidancep. 39
3.3.4 Ride Matching and Reservationp. 39
3.3.5 Traveler Services Informationp. 39
3.3.6 Traffic Controlp. 40
3.3.7 Incident Managementp. 40
3.3.8 Travel Demand Managementp. 40
3.3.9 Emissions Testing and Mitigationp. 41
3.3.10 Highway-Rail Intersectionp. 41
3.4 Public Transportation Operationsp. 42
3.4.1 Public Transportation Managementp. 42
3.4.2 En Route Transit Informationp. 43
3.4.3 Personalized Public Transitp. 43
3.4.4 Public Travel Securityp. 44
3.5 Electronic Paymentp. 44
3.6 Commercial Vehicles Operationsp. 45
3.6.1 Commercial Vehicle Electronic Clearancep. 45
3.6.2 Automated Roadside Safety Inspectionp. 45
3.6.3 Onboard Safety Monitoringp. 45
3.6.4 Commercial Vehicle Administrative Processesp. 46
3.6.5 Hazardous Materials Incident Responsep. 47
3.6.6 Freight Mobilityp. 47
3.7 Emergency Managementp. 47
3.7.1 Emergency Notification and Personal Securityp. 47
3.7.2 Emergency Vehicle Managementp. 48
3.8 Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Systemsp. 48
3.8.1 Longitudinal Collision Avoidancep. 48
3.8.2 Lateral Collision Avoidancep. 49
3.8.3 Intersection Collision Avoidancep. 50
3.8.4 Vision Enhancement for Collision Avoidancep. 51
3.8.5 Safety Readinessp. 51
3.8.6 Precrash Restraint Deploymentp. 51
3.8.7 Automated Highway Systemp. 52
3.9 Information Managementp. 52
3.10 Maintenance and Construction Managementp. 52
3.11 Conclusionsp. 53
Review Questionsp. 53
Referencep. 54
4 ITS Applications and Their Benefitsp. 55
4.1 Freeway and Incident Management Systemsp. 56
4.1.1 FIMS Objectivesp. 56
4.1.2 FIMS Functionsp. 57
4.1.3 Traffic Surveillance and Incident Detectionp. 59
4.1.4 Ramp Controlp. 66
4.1.5 Incident Managementp. 67
4.1.6 Information Disseminationp. 71
4.1.7 Real-World Freeway and Incident Management Systems and Their Benefitsp. 74
4.2 Advanced Arterial Traffic Control Systemsp. 75
4.2.1 Historical Development of Computer Traffic Control Systemsp. 75
4.2.2 Adaptive Traffic Control Algorithmsp. 76
4.2.3 Real-World Adaptive Traffic Control Systems and Their Benefitsp. 78
4.3 Advanced Public Transportation Systemsp. 80
4.3.1 AVL Systemsp. 80
4.3.2 Transit Operations Softwarep. 82
4.3.3 Transit Information Systemsp. 83
4.3.4 Electronic Fare Payment Systemsp. 86
4.4 Multimodal Traveler Information Systemsp. 86
4.5 Conclusionsp. 89
Review Questionsp. 89
Referencesp. 90
5 ITS Architecturep. 93
5.1 Regional and Project ITS Architecturep. 93
5.2 Why Do We Need an ITS Architecture?p. 94
5.3 Concept of Operationsp. 95
5.4 National ITS Architecturep. 98
5.4.1 User Services and User Service Requirementsp. 98
5.4.2 Logical Architecturep. 101
5.4.3 Physical Architecturep. 104
5.4.4 Equipment Packagesp. 107
5.4.5 Market Packagesp. 107
5.5 Proposed Procedure for Developing a Regional ITS Architecturep. 108
5.6 Architecture Development Toolp. 109
5.7 Conclusionsp. 109
Review Questionsp. 111
Referencesp. 111
6 ITS Planningp. 113
6.1 Transportation Planning and ITSp. 113
6.2 Planning and the National ITS Architecturep. 117
6.3 Planning for ITSp. 119
6.3.1 Market Package-Based ITS Planning Processp. 121
6.3.2 Traceability-Based ITS Planning Processp. 121
6.4 Case Study: Northern Virginia ITS Planning Exercise Using the Traceability-Based Approachp. 124
6.5 Integrating ITS into Transportation Planningp. 125
6.6 Conclusionsp. 132
Review Questionsp. 132
Referencesp. 133
7 ITS Standardsp. 135
7.1 Introductionp. 135
7.2 Standard Development Processp. 136
7.3 National ITS Architecture and Standardsp. 137
7.4 ITS Standards Application Areasp. 138
7.4.1 Center-to-Roadside Interface Classp. 138
7.4.2 Center-to-Center (C2C) Applicationsp. 141
7.4.3 Center-to-Vehicle/Travelerp. 144
7.4.4 Roadside-to-Vehiclep. 145
7.4.5 Roadside-to-Roadsidep. 146
7.5 NTCIPp. 147
7.6 Standards Testingp. 150
7.7 Conclusionsp. 150
Review Questionsp. 151
Referencesp. 151
8 ITS Evaluationp. 153
8.1 Introductionp. 153
8.2 Project Selection at the Planning Levelp. 154
8.2.1 Benefit-Cost Analysisp. 154
8.2.2 Relative Rating and Rankingp. 155
8.3 Deployment Trackingp. 155
8.4 Impact Assessmentp. 160
8.5 Benefits by ITS Componentsp. 162
8.6 Benefit Estimation Categoriesp. 162
8.7 Evaluation Guidelinesp. 163
8.8 Evaluation Support Toolsp. 165
8.8.1 ITS Deployment Analysis Systemp. 165
8.8.2 Traffic Simulation Modelsp. 166
8.9 Challenges for ITS Evaluationp. 167
8.10 Conclusionsp. 168
Review Questionsp. 169
Referencesp. 169
9 ITS Challenges and Opportunitiesp. 171
9.1 Mainstreaming ITSp. 171
9.2 System Upgradep. 173
9.3 System Integrationp. 174
9.4 Training Needsp. 174
9.5 Fundingp. 175
9.6 Privacyp. 175
9.7 Rulemaking and Compliancep. 176
9.8 Resource Sharingp. 176
9.9 ITS and National Securityp. 177
9.10 Conclusionsp. 178
Review Questionsp. 179
Referencesp. 179
About the Authorsp. 181
Indexp. 183